In the following review, authors described the structure and biochemical pathways of PCSK9, its involvement in LDL metabolism, as well as significances of proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 targeted treatment. PCSK9 is a proprotein convertase, which play a crucial role in LDL receptor metabolism. Transcription and translation of PCSK9 is controlled by different nuclear factors, such as, SREBP and HNF1α. This review focuses on interactions between PCSK9 and LDL receptor, VLDLR, ApoER2, CD36, CD81, and others. The role of PCSK9 in the inflammatory process is presented and its influence on cytokine profile (IL-1, IL-6, IL-10, TNF) in atherosclerotic plaque. Cholesterol metabolism converges also with diabetes by mTORC1 pathways. PCSK9 can be altered by oncologic pathways with utilization of kinases, such as Akt, JNK, and JAK/STAT. Finally, the article shows that blocking PCSK9 has proapoptotic capabilities. Administration of monoclonal antibodies against PCSK9 reduced mortality rate and cardiovascular events in randomized trials. On the other hand, immunogenicity of new drugs may play a crucial role in their efficiency. Bococizumab ended its career following SPIRE-1,2 outcome. PCSK9 inhibitors have enormous potential, which had been reflected by introducing them (as a new class of drugs reducing LDL concentration cholesterol) into New Lipid Guidelines from Rome 2016. Discoveries in drugs development are focused on blocking PCSK9 on different levels. For example, silencing messenger RNA (mRNA of PCSK9) is a new alternative against hypercholesterolemia. Peptides mimicking EGF-A domain of the LDL receptor are gaining significance and hopefully they will soon join others. The significance of PCSK9 has just been uncovered and further data is still required to understand their activity.
Bakterie z rodzaju Nocardia spp. to Gram-dodatnie aeroby, występujące na całym świecie. Wywołują one nokardiozy, których najczęstszymi postaciami jest nokardioza płucna, rozwijająca się wskutek aspiracji drobnoustrojów do dróg oddechowych, skórna, w tym stopa madurska-mycetoma oraz rozsiana, w której zajęte mogą być inne narządy-często OUN. Infekcje dotyczą zwykle osób o obniżonej odporności np. zarażone wirusem HIV lub poddane immunosupresji. Za większość zakażeń u ludzi odpowiedzialna jest Nocardia asteroides. Do metod diagnostycznych zalicza się m.in. posiew z pobranego materiału lub PCR. Objawy są różne w zależności od postaci choroby. W nokardiozie płucnej występuje kaszel, krwioplucie a w skórnej ropnie. Gdy dochodzi do rozsiania choroby, w zależności od zajętego narządu występują różne symptomy. Lekiem stosowanym z wyboru jest sulfonamid.
Efforts to direct the economies of many countries towards low-carbon economies are being made in order to reduce their impact on global climate change. Within this process, replacing fossil fuels with hydrogen will play an important role in the sectors where electrification is difficult or technically and economically ineffective. Hydrogen may also play a critical role in renewable energy storage processes. Thus, the global hydrogen demand is expected to rise more than five times by 2050, while in the European Union, a seven-fold rise in this field is expected. Apart from many technical and legislative barriers, the environmental impact of hydrogen production is a key issue, especially in the case of new and developing technologies. Focusing on the various pathways of hydrogen production, the essential problem is to evaluate the related emissions through GHG accounting, considering the life cycle of a plant in order to compare the technologies effectively. Anion exchange membrane (AEM) electrolysis is one of the newest technologies in this field, with no LCA studies covering its full operation. Thus, this study is focused on a calculation of the carbon footprint and economic indicators of a green hydrogen plant on the basis of a life cycle assessment, including the concept of a solar-to-hydrogen plant with AEM electrolyzers operating under Polish climate conditions. The authors set the range of the GWP indicators as 2.73–4.34 kgCO2eq for a plant using AEM electrolysis, which confirmed the relatively low emissivity of hydrogen from solar energy, also in relation to this innovative technology. The economic profitability of the investment depends on external subsidies, because, as developing technology, the AEM electrolysis of green hydrogen from photovoltaics is still uncompetitive in terms of its cost without this type of support.
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