The goal of this paper is to explore intra-regional differences in factors determining land use. We built spatial regression tree models to assess the factors determining the share of agricultural area in municipalities of selected Polish metropolitan areas in 2010. The analyses are static, with the value of exogenous variables presented as an average for the longest possible period preceding the year 2010. We analysed the impact of socio-economic processes, natural conditions, and farming characteristics on the share of agricultural land in the surface area of particular municipalities in metropolitan areas. Based on the concept of economic rents that says that the way land is used is determined by economic rent, we have shown that the most important factor with an impact on the share of agricultural land is the number of enterprises per 10,000 people of working age. Other very important factors have been found to be the quality of environmental conditions of agricultural production, population density, and net migration. It was noted that with an increase in the rate of enterprises, as well as an increase in population density and net migration, the share of agricultural land falls, and a high quality of agricultural production comes with a relatively high share of agricultural land in the surface area of the municipalities analysed.3 of 22 was determined by rent, i.e., income from agricultural production reduced by production costs. He suggested that, where the natural features of the farm, such as climate, soil, topography, and other factors remain constant, the location of agricultural production was determined by the distance or costs of transportation to the urban market. With increasing distance from the town, the land will progressively be given up to products that are cheap to transport in relation to their value [30]. Though this theory is obsolete, its main assumptions about the very large role of location as a factor in land use changes should not be underestimated [31]. The direct approach applies the Thünian model of rural land-use allocation to the problem of urban-rural land conversion [32]. This was also explicitly articulated by Sinclair [33], who argued that, with urban sprawl, increasing competition for land comes from non-agricultural uses. He noted that, in many advanced industrialised parts of the world, the basic forces determining agricultural land use near urban areas are associated with urban expansion. Where these forces are in operation, the agricultural pattern quite often is one of increasing intensity with distance from the city. Non-agricultural uses which bring higher rents "push" agricultural production beyond cities [33].An urban location model linked to von Thünen's theory has been developed by Alonso [26]. His model can be regarded as the basis for household location choice [20]. Alonso's bid-rent theory explained the relationship between land prices and land use as follows: in a competitive land market, land-users seek to maximise their utility, land being purchased/rented ...
The aim of the paper was to indicate differences in income from agricultural activity earned by farm owners located in different zones under the influence of a big city. The study covered entities from six voivodships: Lower Silesia, Lubelskie, Lesser Poland, Masovia, Pomerania and Greater Poland. The database of the Polish FADN system was the source of data presented in the analysis. The outer and inner metropolitan zone have been distinguished as well as the group of objects located outside metropolitan areas. For the distinguished groups, a comparative analysis was carried out. Research pinpointed that in the inner metropolitan area zone, there was evidently a considerably higher income from a farm on one unit of own work and the estimate rate of wage for an hour of hired work. The average value of these categories was diminishing in subsequent zones along with moving away from the core of metropolitan areas. Apart from that, in all the three researched groups of farms, the average rate of wage of own work was higher than the rate of wage of hired work. This means that farm owners also take wages from management and the incurred economy risk. The height of these wages is subjected to considerable fluctuation that result from e.g., observed economic fluctuations in agriculture.
This study aims to identify the success factors and main barriers and threats to developing peri-urban farms implementing various business models. For that purpose, a survey was conducted among a group of Polish farms located in the areas surrounding the largest Polish cities. Farms achieving economic success and implementing different business models were selected. The analyses were based on the concept of the business model developed by Osterwalder. The research shows that in recent years (due to the COVID-19 pandemic, among other things), there has been a considerable convergence in employed business solutions. The convergence process is particularly evident in the customer side of business models, i.e., customer relationships and channels. According to the respondents, the success of peri-urban farms is determined mainly by three groups of factors: (1) motivation, diligence, and creativity, (2) the high quality of products and services, and (3) the cultivation of deep bonds with customers. Thus, success comes from within the enterprise (relational capital), but the customer (service-dominant logic) is central to business model development. Farm managers indicated relatively few problems and barriers in their farms’ development process. However, urban pressure (an external factor independent from farm managers) was considered the most important factor. The research enabled the presentation of the best business solutions and formulation of a few recommendations for peri-urban farming development.
Rolnictwo polskie wykazuje znaczące zróżnicowanie regionalne. Uwidacznia się ono już w przypadku zasobów czynników produkcji. Przeciętna powierzchnia gospodarstwa rolnego w Małopolsce jest dwukrotnie niższa od średniej krajowej i kilkakrotnie niższa od średniej powierzchni gospodarstwa w przodującym pod tym względem województwie zachodniopomorskim. Na południu Polskigorsze są także wskaźniki charakteryzujące wyposażenie gospodarstw w kapitał, a majątek produkcyjny właśnie w tej części kraju wykazuje najwyższy stopień zużycia. Nie bez racji rolnictwo południowej Polski uważane jest za "skansenowe", a szans na rozwój gospodarstw wielkoobszarowych upatruje się dziś głównie na północy i zachodzie Polski. Z całej populacji gospodarstw rolnych należy jednak wyodrębnić gospodarstwa towarowe i to na nich, jako warsztatach pracy rolnika i głównych dostawcach artykułów żywnościowych na rynek, winna się skupiać polityka rolna. Gospodarstwa towarowe jednak także wykazują zróżnicowanie w poszczególnych częściach kraju. W Małopolsce są one, poza nielicznymi wyjątkami, mniejsze od średniej krajowej. Aby mogły skutecznie konkurować z gospodarstwami w innych częściach kraju niezbędny jest ich szybki rozwój za pośrednictwem inwestycji. Dorównanie pod względem produkcji, a w efekcie dochodów regionom rolniczo najlepiej rozwiniętym, wymagałoby już obecnie wyższych nakładów na majątek produkcyjny niż wynosi średnia krajowa. Utrzymywanie się zaś niskiego poziomu nakładów inwestycyjnych na południu w stosunku do reszty kraju będzie wskazywać na rosnące dysproporcje pomiędzy regionami.
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