The subject of the article are the issues concerning the enactment by local self-government bodies in Poland of a special category of acts of local law, i.e. public order regulations. Public order regulations belong to the sources of universally binding law in Poland. Not only government administration bodies, but also local self-government may adopt them. By means of public order regulations, such values as: life, health, property of citizens, environment, public order, peace and public security are protected. The status of public order regulations in the Polish legal order, which are bodies of local self-government units to protect the life or health of citizens and to ensure public order, peace and security, is not the subject to clear legislation or consent among scholars in the field and in relevant case-law. Therefore, the aim of the article is to determine the legal status of local law acts in the form of public order regulations in Poland and to define their role in the performance of tasks in the field of public security by local self-government. The author refers also to relevant legal solutions applicable in other member states of the Visegrad Group. The main thesis of the article is a statement that acts of local law in the form of public order regulations are a desirable manifestation of the law-making decentralisation of the state, which is necessary for the effective performance of tasks in the field of public security by local self-government bodies.
This monograph provides an in-depth look at the organisation of the national cybersecurity system and the tasks and responsibilities of the entities operating within this system. The objective of the national cybersecurity system is to ensure cybersecurity at the national level, including the uninterrupted provision of essential services and digital services by achieving the appropriate level of security of the information systems used to provide these services and ensuring the handling of incidents. The EU legislators have been explicit in noting that the scale, frequency, and impact of cybersecurity incidents is growing, putting the functioning of information systems at a serious risk. These systems can be targeted by malicious attacks aimed at damaging or disrupting their operations. Such incidents can hamper the functioning of public administration and business, and cause substantial financial losses, undermine user confidence, and lead to considerable losses in national economies, as well as the EU economy at large. Defined as the resilience of information systems against actions which compromise the confidentiality, integrity, availability, and authenticity of processed data, or the related services provided by those information systems, cybersecurity is an area of concern for private and public entities alike. As far as the public-law sphere is concerned, cybersecurity tasks and powers are performed and exercised by government administration, both central and regional, as well as local and regional governments. At the core of the national cybersecurity system in Poland are the public entities which make Poland's cybersecurity policy with the aim of increasing the level of protection against cyberthreats. Despite having different statuses, tasks, and powers, and places in the public sphere, they share the objective of ensuring cyberspace security.
The subject of the article are selected political rights and freedoms guaranteed by the Polish and Hungarian constitutions, which are analysed in the context of possible limitations due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The analysis covers the right to vote in elections and referendums, the freedom of expression and opinion, and the freedom of assembly. The main aim of the article is to identify similarities and differences in the legal solutions adopted in Poland and Hungary in the context of restrictions or threats to political freedoms and rights. As a result of the research carried out, the authors positively verified the hypothesis that Poland and Hungary, although they chose different methodologies to implement the specific legal order applicable due to the coronavirus pandemic, namely Hungary has introduced one of the constitutional states of exception, i.e. the state of danger, while Poland did not introduce a state of natural disaster, the formula for sanctioning restrictions on political freedoms and rights with secondary legislation was similar in both countries. The authors express the view that continuous efforts should be made to develop legal institutions that would allow for a balance between the need to preserve political rights and freedoms and the need to make quick decisions in relation to the pandemic and citizens’ right to health. A pandemic should never be an excuse for those in power to restrict political freedoms and rights for longer periods of time, so as not to make these freedoms and rights the next victims of the SARS-CoV–2 virus.
Kurator dla osoby niepełnosprawnej a kurator dla osoby ubezwłasnowolnionej częściowopawEł ChMiElniCki, doBroChna MiniCh, radosław ryBkowski, MiChał staChura, konrad szoCik the Covid-19 pandemic as an opportunity for a permanent reduction
THE LEGAL STATUS OF LOCAL SELF-GOVERNMENT IN THE FIELD OF PUBLIC SECURITYThe vast array of responsibilities assigned to local self-government include also public security. This is all the more important as it must be ensured at every tier of administration, including in the regions. The local self-government, as the basic form of decentralised public administration, is situated closest to citizens and is therefore most responsive to their needs, with security needs being fundamental needs that must be addressed on a continuous basis.The jurisdiction of local and regional government bodies in the field of public security concerns many areas, but it is the local government which holds most of these responsibilities while the regional government is entrusted with less responsibility in this matter. This characteristic covers the institution of emergency states, crisis management, or issuing public order regulations.
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