An example graphical visualization of the clusterbased permutation tests results1 Both for the N400 and PNP effects the EOG electrodes, linked mastoids as well as the anterior electrodes: Fp1, Fp2, AF7, AF8 were excluded.

PrefaceDependence and independence are common phenomena, wherever one looks: ecological systems, astronomy, human history, stock markets -but what is their role in logic and -turning the tables -what is the logic of these concepts? The possibility of nesting quantifiers, thus expressing patterns of dependence and independence between variables, accounts for much of the expressive power of first order logic. However, first order logic is not capable of expressing all such patterns, and as a consequence various generalizations -such as branching quantifiers, or the various variants of independence-friendly logic -have been introduced during the last fifty years. Dependence logic is a recent formalism, which brings to the forefront the very concept of dependence, isolating it from the notion of quantifier and making it one of the primitive elements of the language. It can also be added to other logics, such as modal logic. This has opened up an opportunity to develop logical tools for the study of complex forms of dependence, with applications to computer science, philosophy, linguistics, game theory and mathematics. Recently there has been an increasing interest in this topic, especially among young researchers. The goal of this workshop is to provide an opportunity for researchers to further explore the very notions of dependence and independence and their role in formal logic, in particular with regard to logics of imperfect information. Contributed talks Pietro Galliani Epistemic Operators and Uniform Definability in Dependence Logic 4Pietro Galliani and Allen L. Mann Lottery Semantics 30Theo M.V. Janssen A Comparison of Independence Friendly logic and Dependence logic 55Jarmo Kontinen Coherence and computational complexity of quantifier-free dependence logic formulas 58 Antti Kuusisto Logics of Imperfect Information without Identity 78Peter Relational Hidden Variables and Non-Locality Samson Abramsky Oxford University Computing Laboratory AbstractWe use a simple relational framework to develop the key notions and results on hidden variables and non-locality. The extensive literature on these topics in the foundations of quantum mechanics is couched in terms of probabilistic models, and properties such as locality and no-signalling are formulated probabilistically. We show that to a remarkable extent, the main structure of the theory, through the major No-Go theorems and beyond, survives intact under the replacement of probability distributions by mere relations. In particular, probabilistic notions of independence are replaced by purely logical ones.We also study the relationships between quantum systems, probabilistic models and relational models. Probabilistic models can be reduced to relational ones by the 'possibilistic collapse', in which non-zero probabilities are conflated to (possible) truth. We show that all the independence properties we study are preserved by the possibilistic collapse, in the sense that if the property in its probabilistic form is satisfied by the probabilistic model, then the rel...

Contemporary semantic theories can be classified along two dimensions: (i) the way and time-course in which contextual factors influence sentence truth-conditions; and (ii) whether and to what extent comprehension involves sensory, motor and emotional processes. In order to explore this theoretical space, our ERP study investigates the time-course of the interaction between the lexically specified telic component of a noun (the function of the object to which the noun refers to, e.g., a funnel is generally used to pour liquids into containers) and an ad-hoc affordance contextually induced by the situation described in the discourse. We found that, if preceded by a neutral discourse context, a verb incongruent with the noun's telic component as in “She uses the funnel to hang her coat” elicited an enhanced N400 compared to a congruent verb as in “She uses the funnel to pour water into a container.” However, if the situation introduced in the preceding discourse induced a new function for the object as an ad-hoc affordance (e.g., the funnel is glued to the wall and the agent wants to hang the coat), we observed a crossing-over regarding the direction of the N400 effect: comparing the ad-hoc affordance-inducing context with the neutral context, the N400 for the incongruent verb was significantly reduced, whereas the N400 for the congruent verb was significantly enhanced. We explain these results as a consequence of the incorporation of the contextually triggered ad-hoc affordance into the meaning of the noun. Combining these results with an analysis of semantic similarity values between test sentences and contexts, we argue that one possibility is that the incorporation of an ad-hoc affordance may be explained on the basis of the mental simulation of concurrent motor information.

It is generally assumed that bare numerals (e.g., three) have two readings: the exactly and the at least reading. It has been a matter of debate whether one of these two readings is derived from the other pragmatically. To shed light on this question research has aimed at characterizing the processing demands associated with these alternative interpretations. Here we use a sentence-picture verification paradigm where participants are asked to judge whether “N pictures contain Xs” is true in a situation where (a) exactly N, (b) fewer than N, or (c) more than N pictures contain Xs. The critical case is the last one, where accepting responses indicate the at least interpretation of the numeral, whereas rejecting responses indicate the exactly interpretation. We show that the responses linked to the exactly and at least readings lead to quantitatively different event-related brain potentials (ERPs), which presumably reflect different cognitive processes. For the exactly responders, the ERPs elicited by content nouns downstream from the quantifier phrase formed a negativity effect in the condition with more than N Xs, relative to the condition with exactly N Xs. However, no such effect was evident for the responders who applied the at least interpretation. We argue that the lack of any ERP effect for the at least responders is not compatible with any theory presupposing an exactly semantics of numerals. The observed N400 effect is furthermore shown to be modulated by the type of alternatives presented in the context scenario.