This study compared the effects of the nonacylated and acylated anthocyanin-rich extracts on plasma metabolic profiles of Zucker diabetic fatty rats. The rats were fed with the nonacylated anthocyanin extract from bilberries (NAAB) or the acylated anthocyanin extract from purple potatoes (AAPP) at daily doses of 25 and 50 mg/kg body weight for 8 weeks. 1 H NMR metabolomics was used to study the changes in plasma metabolites. A reduced fasting plasma glucose level was seen in all anthocyanin-fed groups, especially in the groups fed with NAAB. Both NAAB and AAPP decreased the levels of branched-chain amino acids and improved lipid profiles. AAPP increased the glutamine/glutamate ratio and decreased the levels of glycerol and metabolites involved in glycolysis, suggesting improved insulin sensitivity, gluconeogenesis, and glycolysis. AAPP decreased the hepatic TBC1D1 and G6PC messenger RNA level, suggesting regulation of gluconeogenesis and lipogenesis. This study indicated that AAPP and NAAB affected the plasma metabolic profile of diabetic rats differently.

B. (2019). Anthocyanin-rich extract from purple potatoes decreases postprandial glycemic response and affects inflammation markers in healthy men. Food Chemistry.

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Seasonal variation in abiotic and biotic environments may modify the toxicity of organic chemicals for aquatic organisms. In present study, survival of the freshwater clam Pisidium amnicum was studied in laboratory exposures to pentachlorophenol (PCP) in April (at 5 degress C) and July (at 19 degress C). Behavioral responses, mean survival times (MSTs), and the lethal body burdens (LBBs) of PCP for uninfected clams and for clams infected by digenean trematodes were determined separately in two PCP concentrations, 100 and 300 microgram/L. Analysis of data revealed reduced behavioral activity of the clams in the PCP exposure compared to that in the control. The time needed for toxic responses was greatly affected by temperature; MSTs were 5 to 15 times longer in winter than at summer temperatures. Unexpectedly, the infected clams in summer were more tolerant to PCP than the uninfected clams. Despite the differences in survival times, the LBBs between the seasons were constant. However, in summer, the infected clams had significantly higher LBBs than the uninfected clams. The differences in survival and LBBs between the infected and uninfected clams are suggested to be caused by the high lipid contents found in parasites, which may change the internal distribution of PCP.

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Chromatographic recovery of monosaccharides from concentrated-acid hydrolysates of spruce and birch was investigated for the production of bioethanol from lignocellulose. The effects of resin cross-linkage, column loading, and hydrolysate composition on the yield of monosaccharides and the productivity of the process were of particular interest. Three strong acid cation-exchange resins (gel type) were used. Chromatographic separation experiments were done in a batch column. Monosaccharides were recovered as a "center cut" between sulfuric acid and acetic acid. Hydroxymethyl furfural and furfural, which inhibit the fermentation of monosaccharides, were completely separated from the other components. The highest H 2 SO 4 -monosaccharide separation efficiency was obtained with a 6 wt % cross-linked resin. The monosaccharide-acetic acid separation efficiency was found to improve with increasing resin cross-linkage. In the case of high amounts of acetic acid in the hydrolysate, a resin with a high cross-link density is needed for a good yield of monosaccharides. With hydrolysates containing small amounts of acetic acid, a 6 wt % cross-linked resin was found to give the highest yield. The productivity of the process was found to increase with the resin cross-linkage (up to 8 wt %). The optimum column loading depends on whether a high monosaccharide yield or high productivity is desired. The highest yield is obtained with a low loading. As to the productivity, the optimum loading was found to be approximately 10 vol % of the bed volume.

Growing demand of germanium and uncertainties in supply create a need for research into efficient separation methods. Ion exchange recovery of germanium from sulfate solutions was studied with equilibrium experiments, column experiments, and modeling. Based on screening of four commercial resins by equilibrium experiments, a bifunctional N-methylglucamine resin was selected for dynamic adsorption studies and modeling. The adsorption of germanium onto the resin depended strongly on pH. The first pK a value of germanic acid, Ge(OH) 4 , is 9 and its anionic dissociation products (oxoanions) were adsorbed to the nitrogen containing groups by anion exchange mechanism. The germanium species were all adsorbed to glucose sites. Other metal ions in the studied multimetal feeds decreased the Ge adsorption directly by competition, and indirectly by acting as buffers to prevent pH increase and the dissociation of germanic acid. Iron was found to have a particularly detrimental effect on the adsorption.A competitive adsorption model was used to describe the sorption equilibrium of germanic acid and its dissociation products to glucose sites and to amine groups. A transport-dispersive model with a solid film linear driving force model was employed for the dynamic modeling. Authentic and simulated feed solutions were used to study the effect of competing metals. The feed solutions contained 63-490 mg/L Ge and metal sulfates so that ionic strengths were between 0.58 and 5.82 mol/L. The constructed simulation model predicted the equilibrium isotherms and the breakthrough curves of germanium well.