Background: Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) of the gastrointestinal (GI) system are increasing in incidence with minimal improvement in prognosis. Although the cell of origin has been identified as the enterochromaffin (EC) cell, its secretory and proliferative regulation has not been defined at a mechanistic level. To date, the BON cell line has been the most widely used in vitro EC cell model despite its pancreatic origin. Using whole-genome mathematical analysis as well as secretory and proliferative studies, we compared the BON cell line to the small intestine (SI) EC cell-derived NET cell line, KRJ-I, to assess individual cell line validity and applicability for the investigation of GI-NET disease. Methods and Results: Principal component analysis and ANOVA of KRJ-I and BON transcriptomes (U133 Plus 2) identified substantially different (<10%) overlap in transcripts with minimal (R² = 0.24) correlation in gene expression profiles. RT-PCR detected large variability (>12%) in neuroendocrine (NE) marker transcripts in the BON cell line and the absence of Tph-2, DDC, TGFβR2, and M3 transcripts in KRJ-I. The KRJ-I cell line secreted serotonin (5-HT) in response to isoproterenol (EC₅₀ = 100 nM), noradrenaline (EC₅₀ = 1.7 nM), and pituitary adenylate cyclase (PACAP, EC₅₀ = 0.03 nM). Cholecystokinin (IC₅₀ = 430 nM), somatostatin (IC₅₀ = 400 nM), acetylcholine (IC₅₀ = 3.7 nM), and γ-aminobutyric acid A (GABA_A, IC₅₀ = 2 nM) all inhibited 5-HT release, while gastrin and bombesin had no effect. 5-HT secretion in the BON cell line was stimulated by isoproterenol (EC₅₀ = 900 nM), noradrenaline (EC₅₀ = 20 nM), cholecystokinin (EC₅₀ = 130 nM), PACAP (EC₅₀ = 0.12 nM), bombesin (EC₅₀ = 15 nM), and acetylcholine (EC₅₀ = 0.2 nM). It was inhibited by somatostatin (IC₅₀ = 300 nM) but not GABA_A. KRJ-I responded with proliferation to connective tissue growth factor (CTGF, EC₅₀ = 0.002 ng/ml), transforming growth factor-α (TGFα, EC₅₀ = 0.63 ng/ml) and transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ, EC₅₀ = 0.63 ng/ml). Epidermal growth factor (EGF) and somatostatin had no significant effect. BON cell proliferation was stimulated only by EGF and TGFα (EC₅₀ = 15.8 and 10 ng/ml). TGFβ (IC₅₀ = 0.16 ng/ml), MZ-4-147 (IC₅₀ = 0.5 nM), and BIM23A761 (IC₅₀ = 0.06 nM) all inhibited proliferation. CTGF and somatostatin had no effect. Conclusion: KRJ-I and BON cell lines demonstrate substantial differences in gene level transcripts, inconsistent receptor profile expression, wide variability in NE marker transcript levels, and significantly differential proliferative and secretory responses. Given the EC cell origin of KRJ-I, these results provide evidence that the BON cell line does not represent an EC cell system and is not a valid study model of (carcinoid) EC cell-derived NET.

The purpose of this study was to analyze factors associated with multiple gestations in IVF-ET. Twenty-seven multiple gestations conceived following IVF-ET resulted in the delivery of 20 sets of twins and three sets of triplets. One quadruplet pregnancy was terminated due to heavy bleeding. There were four "vanishing sacs," two of which resulted in a twin pregnancy and two in singletons. These were compared to 88 singleton IVF-ET gestations. The only significant difference found was the higher numbers of embryos transferred in the multiple gestation group. No difference was found between the two groups in diagnosis, stimulation protocol, estradiol, response, number of eggs, fertilization, and cleavage rate. Maternal age was younger in the multiple-gestation group, though not statistically significant. It is thus suggested that limitation of the number of embryos transferred is the only means to reduce the incidence of multiple gestations in IVF-ET.