Background: Surgical mortality data are collected routinely in high-income countries, yet virtually no low-or middle-income countries have outcome surveillance in place. The aim was prospectively to collect worldwide mortality data following emergency abdominal surgery, comparing findings across countries with a low, middle or high Human Development Index (HDI).Methods: This was a prospective, multicentre, cohort study. Self-selected hospitals performing emergency surgery submitted prespecified data for consecutive patients from at least one 2-week interval during July to December 2014. Postoperative mortality was analysed by hierarchical multivariable logistic regression.
We tested the proposition that there are more species in the tropics because basal clades adapted to warm paleoclimates have been lost in regions now experiencing cool climates. Molecular phylogenies were used to classify species as "basal" and "derived" based on their family, and their richness patterns were contrasted. Path models also evaluated environmental predictors of richness patterns. As predicted, basal clades are more diverse in the lowland tropics, whereas derived clades are more diverse in the extratropics and high-altitude tropics. Seventy-four percent of the variation in bird richness was explained by environmental variables, but models differed for basal and derived groups. The overall gradient is described by the spatial pattern of basal clades, although there are differences in the Old and New Worlds. We conclude that in ecological time, the global richness gradient reflects birds' responses to climatic gradients, partially operating via plants. Over evolutionary time, the gradient primarily reflects the extirpation of species in older clades from parts of the world that have become cooler in the present. A strong secondary effect arises from dispersal of clades from centers of origin and subsequent radiations. Overall, the diversity gradient is well explained by niche conservatism and the "time-for-speciation" hypothesis.
Kirchhoff data mapping (KDM) is a procedure for transforming data from a given input source/receiver configuration and background earth model to data corresponding to a different output source/receiver configuration and background model. The generalization of NMO/DMO, datuming and offset continuation are three examples of KDM applications. This paper describes a ‘platform’ for KDM for scalar wavefields. The word, platform, indicates that no calculations are carried out in this paper that would adapt the derived formula to any one of a list of KDMs that are presented in the text. Platform formulae are presented in 3D and in 2.5D. For the latter, the validity of the platform equation is verified — within the constraints of high‐frequency asymptotics — by applying it to a Kirchhoff approximate representation of the upward scattered data from a single reflector and for an arbitrary source/receiver configuration. The KDM formalism is shown to map this Kirchhoff model data in the input source/receiver configuration to Kirchhoff data in the output source/receiver configuration, with one exception. The method does not map the reflection coefficient. Thus, we verify that, asymptotically, the ray theoretical geometrical spreading effects due to propagation and reflection (including reflector curvature) are mapped by this formalism, consistent with the input and output modelling parameters, while the input reflection coefficient is preserved. In this sense, this is a ‘true‐amplitude’ formalism. As with earlier Kirchhoff inversion, a slight modification of the kernel of KDM provides alternative integral operators for estimating the specular reflection angle, both in the input configuration and in the output configuration, thereby providing a basis for amplitude‐versus‐angle analysis of the data.
Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen:Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden.Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen.Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen die in der dort genannten Lizenz gewährten Nutzungsrechte. k EUREQua, Universit ¶ e Paris-1 Panth ¶ eon-Sorbonne. Terms of use: Documents in AbstractThe paper develops a signalling theory of conspicuous consumption where the drive toward spending on an otherwise unuseful good comes from the desire to enter clubs and bene¯t from the provision of club good¯nanced by members of a club and from a social status e®ect. Individual incomes are unobserved and admission to a club is based on the inference of an individual's capacity to contribute to the public good.By entering in a club, individual also gain a certain social status. This inference in turn is based on the signal emitted by spending on a conspicuous good. Because of the joint incentives of club good and social status, people may be induced to over-spend in the conspicuous good. We characterize both the pooling equilibria and the separating equilibria of the signalling game played by individuals. We then ask whether taxation can be Pareto-improving and which tax scheme would be chosen by the median voter in this society.
Background – COVID-19 associated Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS-C) is an emerging disease that presents with inflammation of multiple organs. The extracardiac radiographic manifestations of this syndrome are not well understood.Objective – We reviewed the radiologic findings of MIS-C in a cohort of children with a confirmed diagnosis of the syndrome.Materials and methods – In a retrospective study from 4/1/2020 to 5/22/2020, we reviewed imaging studies of 38 children with MIS-C, 21 females (55%) and 17 males (45%), with an average age of 9.2 years (range 1.3 – 20 years). Thirty six had chest radiographs, 6 had abdominal radiographs, 12 had abdominal sonograms or MRI, 2 had neck sonograms, and 3 had brain MRI.Results – 28 patients had pulmonary disease, with 24 (86%) having bilateral opacities, mostly diffuse (n=16, 57%). The most common abnormalities were peribronchial thickening (n=19, 68%), ground glass opacities (n=15, 54%) and consolidation (n=5, 18%). Pleural effusions were only present in children 10 years of age and under, and ground glass opacities were seen more often in older patients (59% vs. 26%, P<0.05). On abdominal imaging, small volume ascites was the most common finding (n=6, 50%). Other findings included right lower quadrant bowel wall thickening (n=3, 25%), gallbladder wall thickening (n=3, 25%), and cervical (n=2) or abdominal (n=2) lymphadenophathy. Of 3 patients with brain MRI, one had bilateral parietooccipital abnormalities and another papilledema.Conclusion – COVID-19 associated MIS-C causes a constellation of findings in the chest and abdomen, most often showing bilateral diffuse pulmonary abnormalities and small volume ascites.
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