The main objective of the research was to determine the long-term and short-term correlation between CO2 emissions per capita, energy consumption per capita, and the level of economic growth of GDP per capita in the V4 countries. These countries, being EU members since 2004 and previously being in the sphere of influence of the Soviet Union, have introduced a number of economic reforms, but in the area of climate protection, including decarbonization, they struggle with many problems, as their economies are largely dependent on energy from non-renewable resources. The results of the research are varied, but the authors confirmed, especially in the case of Poland, the long-term correlations between the studied variables. In the short term, such interdependencies also occurred, especially between the level of energy consumption per capita and the level of CO2 emissions.
Purpose: The aim of the article was to determine whether there was a long-term relationship between the level of economic growth and development of Germany and the number of granted patents and the so-called valuable patents. The empirical analysis was based on available statistical data for the period of 1872-1913. Econometric methods were used, including stationary test using ADF and KPSS tests, Johansen cointegration test. Findings: The research results showed that all analysed time series were non-stationary, and were integrated of order I(1). The Johansen's test results excluded any long-term relationship between the growth and economic development of Germany, and the number of granted patents, including valuable patents. Practical Implications: The adoption of the patent law by the Reichstag (1877) was an important step in the protection of intellectual property of the united Germany, so it was reasonable to determine whether there was a correlation between the analysed variables. The hypotheses about long-term interdependence could not be confirmed, which may have an impact on further studies of the factors of economic growth in the Second German Reich. Originality/Value: It was particularly important to examine whether the number of granted patents (including valuable patents) had a positive effect on Germany's long-term economic growth and development (and the other way around). The obtained results are an extension of the author's research to date, in this respect by providing some contribution to the development of cliometrics (not very popular in Europe). The research results will allow, in the next stage, to further search for determinants of Germany's economic growth, including determining interdependence in the short term, using the impulse response function.
Purpose: This study is part of the trend of researching new economic history using econometric analysis (the new economic history paradigm), still not very popular in Europe and the world (outside the USA and UK). The main purpose of the article was to use the Granger cointegration test to confirm the long-term correlations between the level of economic growth and the development of the German Reich railways. Design/Methodology/Approach: In the field of theoretical analysis, a review of international literature on the study of the interdependence of economic growth and the development of transport, including rail transport, was carried out. The empirical analysis was based on available statistical data for the period of 1872-1913. Econometric methods were used, including: stationary test using ADF and KPSS tests, Engle-Granger cointegration test, as well as the analysis of the impulse response function. Findings: The results of the research received confirm that there was a long-term correlation between the level of economic growth in Germany (expressed as Net National Product (NNP) and the level of rail freight symbolizing the development of railways. Practical Implications: The Granger causality test allows the elimination of economic variables that are not in a causal relationship, which in turn leads to a better explanation of the studied economic phenomenon. A special case in VAR auto-regression models when the analysed time series are integrated in the first degree I(1). Originality/Value: Considering the importance of transport for the economy, it is particularly important to examine whether the development of transport had an impact on the level of economic growth, and whether economic growth led to the development of the transport industry, and perhaps this relationship was two-way. The obtained results are the foundation for the construction of vector-autoregressive models (VAR) and the study of longterm relationships.
PPP is an opportunity for faster development for many countries, including Poland, which must not be wasted. PPP is one way to deliver and finance high-quality public infrastructure. A private partner, investing in the development of public services, can provide resources that that enable the implementation of new management and organizational solutions in offering high-quality services, sharing risk with the public partner.
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