Abstract. Minimizing energy consumption is the effect of sustainable design technics as among many others: designing buildings with solar access and natural ventilation, using climate responsive design materials and effective insulation. Contemporary examples of zero-carbon cities: Masdar City, United Arab Emirates and Dongtan, China, confirm technical feasibility of renewable energy by implementation of solar PV and wind technologies. The ecological city -medium or high density urban settlement separated by greenspace causes the smallest possible ecological footprint on the surrounding countryside through efficient use of land and its resources, recycling used materials and converting waste to energy. This paper investigates the concept of energy sustainable cities, examines, how urban settlements might affect building energy design in eco-villages, eco-districts (e.g. Vauban, Freiburg in Germany, Bo01 Malmo in Sweden), and discuss the strategies for achieving Zero Emission Cities principles in densely populated areas. It is focused on low energy architectural design solutions which could be incorporated into urban settlements to create ecological villages, districts and cities, designed with consideration of environmental impact, required minimal inputs of energy, water, food, waste and pollution.
This paper investigates the state of information on geoheritage or, in a wider perspective, a geotourist offer that can be found on the Internet, the basic source of information for the potential tourist, at the example of Lower Silesia. In order to achieve the intended aim, firstly a discussion concerning the division of the tourist resources in the literature was presented. It served as the starting point for the selection and analysis of particular resources, and their online promotion techniques. A place of the geotourist resources within this group was highlighted. Next, the analysis of official documents that constitute the basis for actions aimed at the promotion of tourist resources, with the geotourist ones in particular, was carried out. Predominantly, they comprised the strategies of tourism development at different levels, i.e. the level of voivodeship, and the selected counties, where crucial georesources, or geoheritage complexes of the region are located. One of the most important examples is the Kłodzko County, officially referred to in its strategy as “the Tourist County.” The authors also indicated the nature-based tourist resources of Lower Silesia, placing special emphasis on the resources presented in the Geotourist Catalogues - the most comprehensive presentations of this kind of resources in Poland. In the following part, another analysis was presented regarding information on natural resources promoted on the websites of public administration, or local authorities. Selected websites were examined for their accessibility and the manner in which the georesources are presented. The main result of the conducted research is highlighting the fact that geotourism as a distinctive tourism category is not sufficiently promoted online. The reason behind it is the dispersion of geotourist resources being categorised under divergent umbrella terms. A set of actions for the implementation of changes that can possibly improve the present situation was suggested.
The article is an attempt to use the method of landmark and determinants in research on the typology of pastoral and agricultural landscapes in the area of the Beskids range the Western Carpathians. The paper analyzes the structure and form of economic activities in the mid-forest clearing, allowing to define mountain landscapes. The Beskids landscape due to the varied morphology, terrain cover and the Vlachs cultural element is considered to be particularly valuable in terms of landscape. The definition of the natural and cultural aspects of the Beskids landscapes made it possible to separate, in the type of rural landscapes -the pastoral subtype, the pastoral and agricultural landscape called as the agro-shepherd.
Artykuł jest próbą wyróżnienia – poprzez osobliwe budownictwo gospodarki polaniarskiej – nowych podtypów krajobrazów pasterskich, jakimi są pastersko-rolne krajobrazy na obszarze niskich i średnich gór Karpat Zewnętrznych. Walory kulturowe obszaru z wołoską genezą klasyfikują go do szczególnie cennych krajobrazowo. To wyjątkowe wspólne dziedzictwo stało się przyczynkiem do podjęcia polsko-ukraińskich badań nad strukturą oraz funkcją górskiej gospodarki w ujęciu etnogeograficznym. Celem działań jest ochrona zanikającego, archaicznego dziedzictwa pasterzy wołoskich nazywanych „Ojcami Europy”.
All over the world and for thousands of years, megaliths have been significant cultural elements, as well as sacred sites and places of power. Nowadays megaliths act as a strong magnet for tourists, who appreciate their history, esoterica and magic. Some megaliths were used for astronomical observations, so vital to maintain the continuity of harvest and crop. Other megalithic constructions were erected for funerary purposes, and served as individual or collective burial chambers. Megalithic structures are usually referred to as belonging to the European Neolithic but it has to be stressed that some megalithic constructions date back to the Bronze Age, and some were also built on other continents. Megaliths are a vital element of landscape and for historical reasons they are a sui generis monument, commemorating prehistorical cultures. At the same time, along with the remaining elements of the natural and cultural environment, they create a unique image of place identity, attracting large numbers of tourists. Interestingly, despite the strong attraction exercised by megaliths, there are still many places where tourism does not develop as rapidly as might be assumed. For the above-mentioned reasons, a comparative analysis of several megalithic sites has been conducted in Poland, Sweden, Portugal and Denmark. The following elements have been analysed: the megaliths immediate surroundings, the existing and planned or under-construction tourist and communication infrastructure, as well as architectural and spatial technical solutions and development. Also the key negative and positive elements have been defined which influence the tourist potential of the places in question, and constitute the tourism attractiveness factors of a region.
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