Diabetes leads to widespread complications including pancreatic β-cell damage, nephropathy and impaired wound healing. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) has been shown to improve wound healing through induction of stem cell recruitment and the potential to inhibit progression of diabetic complications. We aimed to determine the efficacy of HBOT in wound healing and organ preservation in a diabetic rat model. Diabetes was induced in male Wistar rats (n = 10/group) using streptozotocin (20 mg/kg sc) daily for 3 days. A wound was inflicted on the skin over the back and the rats were given HBOT (2.3 ATA for 1 h/day) for 1, 3, 5, 7 or 10 days or were not treated. Blood glucose, pancreatic β-cell damage, diabetic nephropathy and wound healing progression were assessed. Diabetic rats not treated with HBOT had significantly higher blood glucose levels compared to controls (26.7 ± 3.3 mmol/L vs. 5.8 ± 0.4 mmol/L; P ≤ 0.05). This was associated with significant increase in the percentage of β-cell damage (72% ± 9% vs. 10% ± 2%; P ≤ 0.05) and diabetic nephropathy. HBOT for 3 days and longer in diabetic rats reduced hyperglycemia to control levels. Pancreatic β-cell damage was negligible in rats treated with HBOT for 5 days and longer while diabetic nephropathy was diminished in animals treated for 10 days. Similarly HBOT induced wound healing and accelerated epithelial closure from 5 days of HBOT. In summary, our findings show the efficacy of HBOT in this diabetic rat model. There was significant reduction of hyperglycemia and inhibition of diabetic complications in the form of preservation of pancreatic S. Prabowo et al. 1951 and kidney structure and accelerated wound healing.

<h1>ABSTRAK</h1><p><strong>Latar Belakang</strong>: Indeks massa tubuh (IMT) adalah teknik yang paling sering digunakan untuk mengukur lemak tubuh. Kebugaran jasmani adalah kemampuan seseorang untuk melakukan aktivitas fisik. Penurunan kebugaran jasmani dan peningkatan lemak tubuh merupakan faktor penting berkembangnya komorbiditas kardiovaskular. Kebugaran jasmani dipengaruhi oleh faktor-faktor seperti genetik, usia,  IMT , aktivitas fisik, dan lain - lain. Peningkatan lemak tubuh berbanding terbalik terhadap VO₂Maks, sehingga peningkatan indeks massa tubuh menyebabkan menurunnya kebugaran jasmani.</p><p><strong>Tujuan</strong>: Untuk mengetahui adanya hubungan antara indeks massa tubuh dan tingkat kebugaran jasmani dengan mengukur VO₂ Maks pada nelayan penyelam di Kelurahan Kedung Cowek Surabaya.</p><p><strong>Metodologi</strong>: 49 responden diukur tinggi badan, berat badan, dan VO₂ maks. IMT diukur dengan berat / tinggi badan kg/m². VO₂ Maks diukur dengan <em>Queen’s College Step Test</em>.  Korelasi dianalisis menggunakan <em>Spearman’s Rho</em>.</p><p><strong>Hasil</strong>: Hasil menunjukkan sebanyak 23 nelayan (46,9%) dengan IMT termasuk dalam kelompok normal, 10 nelayan (20,4%) kelompok gemuk tingkat ringan, 15 nelayan (30,6%) kelompok gemuk tingkat berat dan 1 nelayan yang termasuk dalam kelompok IMT kurus tingkat ringan. hasil analisis didapatkan korelasi negatif yang tidak signifikan antara IMT dan tingkat kebugaran jasmani (r= -0,010; p= 0,944).</p><p><strong>Kesimpulan</strong>: Tidak ada hubungan yang signifikan antara IMT dan kebugaran jasmani.</p><p><strong>Kata Kunci: IMT, kebuga</strong><strong>r</strong><strong>an jasmani, nelayan, VO₂ Maks</strong></p>

<p><strong>Background</strong>: Smoking is a bad habit for health. There are many dangerous components inside a cigarette. The smoke that comes out from the cigarette contains many harmful components. Smoking and getting exposed to cigarette smoke in a long period of time can cause inflammatory response on respiratory tract. Mahkota dewa leaf contains beneficial biological component, such as <em>flavonoid</em>, <em>alkaloid</em>, and<em>saponin </em>that have anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, and many others.</p><p><strong>Aim :</strong>The purpose of this research was to determine the effect of administration of mahkota dewa leaf (<em>Phaleria macrocarpa</em>) extract onlung histopathology in white male Wistar rats (<em>Rattus norvegicus</em>) exposed to cigarette smoke.</p><p><strong>Methods : </strong>This research is a true laboratory experimental research using <em>Post-Test Only Control Group Design</em>. The subject in this research were 30 male Wistar Rats (<em>Rattus norvegicus</em>) which were divided into 4 groups, a group without given any treatment (K-), a group where they only getting exposed to cigarette smoke (K+), a group where they exposed to cigarette smoke and given mahkota dewa leaf extract at 1500 mg/kgBW/day dose (Eg1), and the group exposed to cigarette smoke and a mahkota dewa leaf extract at a 2500 mg/kgBW/day dose (Eg2).</p><p><strong>Result            : </strong>1.) There was a significant difference on lung histopathology between K- and K+, Eg1, and Eg2. 2.) There was no significant difference on lung histopathology between K+, Eg1 and Eg2.</p><p><strong>Conclusion : </strong>Exposure to 5 cigarette smoke in 21 days caused lung histopathology changes. However, there was no effect of the administration of mahkota dewa leaves extract at 1500 mg/kgBW/day and 2500 mg/kgBW/day on lung histopathology of white male Wistar rats exposed to 5 cigarette smoke in 21 days.</p><p><strong>Keyword : </strong><em>Phaleria macrocarpa leaf, </em>Flavonoid, Alkaloid, cigarette smoke, inflammatory response, Infiltration of Inflammatory cells.</p>