In this paper, we report a method for obtaining a visual voltammogram at a linear array of closed wireless bipolar electrodes (BPEs). This advancement is significant, because the visual voltammogram captures the entire current-potential (i-E) relationship of a faradaic reaction in one image and is continuously generated over time. Therefore, we anticipate that this method will allow monitoring in redox systems that change over time. Further, the use of a linear array of BPEs eliminates the need to use a potentiostat and can be carried out with a simple DC power supply. Our experimental and numerical results demonstrate that the visual voltammogram is similar to a linear sweep voltammogram and therefore, information about the faradaic process can be extracted from the wave position, height, and shape. AbstractIn this paper, we report a method for obtaining a visual voltammogram at a linear array of closed wireless bipolar electrodes (BPEs). This advancement is significant because the visual voltammogram captures the entire current-potential (i-E) relationship of a faradaic reaction in one image and is continuously generated over time. Therefore, we anticipate that this method will allow monitoring in redox systems that change over time. Further, the use of a linear array of bipolar electrodes (BPEs) eliminates the need to use a potentiostat and can be carried out with a simple DC power supply. Our experimental and numerical results demonstrate that the visual voltammogram is similar to a linear sweep voltammogram and therefore, information about the faradaic process can be extracted from the wave position, height, and shape.
An array of many bipolar electrodes (BPEs) can be controlled by a single pair of driving electrodes yet allows for multiplexed analysis of many individual biomarkers or single cells at once. A wide range of bipolar electrochemical sensors have been devised, many of which operate under battery power and produce visible signals (e.g., luminescent, electrochromic) appropriate for smartphone or naked eye readout. These features of BPEs are advantageous in the context of clinical and environmental sensing applications at the point of need. However, the sensitivity of BPEs is poor in comparison to direct measurement of current at an individual electrode, and therefore, the enhancement of signals obtained at BPEs is an active area of research. Here, we describe signal amplification by redox cycling accomplished by interdigitation of each BPE in an array with a shared driving electrode. We evaluate amplification obtained for interelectrode spacing in the range of 35 m to 15 m. Each interdigitated BPE (IDBPE) in the array has an independent, reproducible, and linear response to a reversible electroactive analyte. Therefore, this universal amplification strategy allows for multiplexed or spatially resolved sensing in point-of-need applications.
An array of many bipolar electrodes (BPEs) can be controlled by a single pair of driving electrodes yet allows for multiplexedanalysis of many individual biomarkers or single cells at once. A wide range of bipolar electrochemical sensors have been devised, many of which operate under battery power and produce visible signals (e.g., luminescent, electrochromic) appropriate for smartphone or naked eye readout. These features of BPEs are advantageous in the context of clinical and environmental sensing applications at the point of need. However, the sensitivity of BPEs is poor in comparison to direct measurement of current at an individual electrode, and therefore, the enhancement of signals obtained at BPEs is an active area of research. Here, we describe signal amplification by redox cycling accomplished by interdigitation of each BPE in an array with a shared driving electrode. We evaluate amplification obtained for interelectrode spacing in the range of 35 𝜇m to 15 𝜇m. Each interdigitated BPE (IDBPE) in the array has an independent, reproducible, and linear response to a reversible electroactive analyte. Therefore, this universal amplification strategy allows for multiplexed or spatially resolved sensing in point-of-need applications.
The Front Cover illustrates the amplification of an electrochemiluminescent signal by redox cycling in the context of bipolar electrochemistry. Each of the three golden tridents represents a bipolar electrode; the prongs correspond to microband ′digits′ that facilitate redox cycling of an analyte with a shared driving electrode, and the handle portrays the electrode pole at which the luminescent reporting reaction occurs. The electronic coupling of these two reactions is depicted by the lightning along each trident. More information can be found in the Article by Janis S. Borchers et al.
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