Background: Fluid-induced hypervolemia may stimulate the release of natriuretic peptides and cause degradation (shedding) of the endothelial glycocalyx layer. Sevoflurane is believed to protect the glycocalyx, but the importance of using sevoflurane to prevent shedding during routine surgery is unclear. Methods: The plasma concentrations of brain natriuretic peptide and two biomarkers of glycocalyx shedding, syndecan-1, and heparan sulfate, were measured in 26 patients randomized to receive general anesthesia with sevoflurane or propofol during open abdominal hysterectomy. The fluid therapy consisted of 25 mL/kg (approximately 2 L) of Ringer´s lactate over 30 minutes. Blood hemoglobin and plasma albumin were used to indicate plasma volume expansion and capillary leakage. Results: The plasma concentrations of brain natriuretic peptide and shedding products showed low levels throughout the surgery (median brain natriuretic peptide, 21 ng/L; syndecan-1, 12.9 ng/mL; and heparan sulfate, 6.5 µg/mL), but the heparan sulfate concentration increased 2 hours post-operatively (to 17.3 µg/mL, P < .005). No differences were noted between the propofol and sevoflurane groups in any of the measured parameters. Albumin was apparently recruited to the bloodstream during the first 20 minutes, when the intravascular retention of infused fluid was almost 100%. The urine flow was <1 mL/min, despite the vigorous volume loading. Conclusions: No relevant elevations of brain natriuretic peptide or degradation products of the glycocalyx layer were observed when hypervolemia was induced during open abdominal hysterectomy performed with sevoflurane or propofol anesthesia. Plasma volume expansion from Ringer´s lactate was pronounced. How to cite this article: Nemme J, Krizhanovskii C, Ntika S, Sabelnikovs O, Vanags I, Hahn RG. Hypervolemia does not cause degradation of the endothelial glycocalyx layer during open hysterectomy performed under sevoflurane or propofol anesthesia.
Background: Induction of general anesthesia increases the hemodilution resulting from infusion of crystalloid fluid, which is believed to be due to slower distribution caused by arterial hypotension. When normal distribution returns is not known. Methods: An intravenous infusion of 25 mL kg − 1 of Ringer's lactate was infused over 30 min to 25 volunteers just after induction of general anesthesia for open abdominal hysterectomy. A two-volume model was fitted to the repeated measurements of the blood hemoglobin concentration and the urinary excretion using mixed-effects modelling software. Individual-specific covariates were added in sequence. Results: Distribution of infused fluid was interrupted during the first 20 min of the infusions. During this time 16.6 mL kg − 1 of lactated Ringer's had been infused, of which virtually all remained in the circulating blood. Thereafter, the fluid kinetics was similar to that previously been found in awake volunteers except for the elimination rate constant (k 10), which remained to be very low (0.86 × 10 − 3 min − 1). Redistribution of infused fluid from the interstitium to the plasma occurred faster (higher k 21) when the arterial pressure was low. No covariance was found between the fixed parameters and preoperatively concentrated urine, the use of sevoflurane or propofol to maintain the anesthesia, or the plasma concentrations of two degradation products of the endothelial glycocalyx, syndecan-1 and heparan sulfate. Conclusions: Induction of general anesthesia interrupted the distribution of lactated Ringer's solution up to when 16.6 mL kg − 1 of crystalloid fluid had been infused. Plasma volume expansion during this period of time was pronounced. Trial registration: Controlled-trials.com (ISRCTN81005631) on May 17, 2016 (retrospectively registered).
BackgroundSurgery with and without hypervolaemia may cause shedding (breakdown) of the endothelial glycocalyx layer, but the severity of this problem is unclear.MethodsIn this preliminary report of a larger clinical trial, the plasma and urine concentrations of three biomarkers of glycocalyx shedding (syndecan-1, hyaluronic acid and heparan sulfate) were measured in seven patients before, during, and after open hysterectomy. The fluid therapy consisted of 25 ml/kg (approximately 2 l) of Ringer’s lactate, which was infused over 30 min when the surgery started. The resulting plasma volume expansion at the end of the infusion was estimated from the haemodilution.ResultsThe mean plasma concentration of syndecan-1 was 21.7 ng/ml before surgery and averaged 19.7 ng/ml during and after the surgery. The plasma concentration of hyaluronic acid decreased from 38.0 to 27.7 ng/ml (P < 0.05), while heparan sulfate increased from 3.4 to 5.5 μg/ml (P < 0.05). The urine concentrations of syndecan-1 decreased significantly, while they increased for hyaluronic acid and heparan sulfate. Despite the vigorous fluid load, the urine flow did not exceed 1 ml/min.ConclusionsNo clear evidence was found for shedding of the endothelial glycocalyx layer when 2 l of Ringer’s lactate was infused over 30 min during abdominal hysterectomy. Urine analyses yielded patterns of changes that differed from those in plasma.Trial registration ISRCTN81005631. Registered May 17, 2016.
Introduction: Bleeding occurs frequently in liver surgery. Unbalance between tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) concentrations might increase bleeding. Our aim was to analyze perioperative fibrinolytic changes during liver surgery.Materials and Methods: We evaluated 15 patients for inclusion into a prospective pilot study of liver surgery. We assessed fibrinolysis by plasma PAI-1 and t-PA: before surgery (T1), before Pringle maneuver (PM;T2), at the end of surgery (T3) and 24 h postoperatively (T4), and registered demographic and laboratory data, extent and duration of surgery, hemodynamic parameters, blood loss, and transfused volumes of blood products. Data presented as mean ± SD. Significance at P < 0.05.Results: After exclusion of six patients only undergoing biopsies, we included six women and three men aged 49.1 ± 19.6 years; two patients with liver metastases of colorectal cancer and hepatocellular carcinoma, respectively, two with focal nodular hyperplasia, two with hepatic hemangioma, and one with angiomyolipoma. Six patients underwent PM. PAI-1 plasma concentration (n = 9) rose from 6.25 ± 2.25 at T1 through 17.30 ± 14.59 ng/ml at T2 and 28.74 ± 20.4 (p = 0.007) and 22.5 ± 16.0 ng/ml (p = 0.04), respectively, at T3 and T4. Correspondingly, t-PA plasma concentration (n = 9) increased from 4.76 ± 3.08 ng/ml at T1 through 8.00 ± 5.10 ng/ml (p = 0.012) at T2 and decreased to 4.25 ± 2.29 ng/ml and 3.04 ± 3.09 at T3 and T4, respectively. Plasma t-PA level at T2 was significantly different from those at T1, T3, and T4 (p < 0.004). In PM patients, t-PA levels increased from T1, peaked at T2 (p = 0.001), and subsequently decreased at T3 and T4 (p = 0.011 and p = 0.037), respectively. Mean blood loss was 1,377.7 ± 1,062.8 ml; seven patients received blood products. Patients with higher PAI-1 levels at T3 received more fresh frozen plasma (r = 0.79; p = 0.01) and red blood cells (r = 0.88; p = 0.002).Conclusions: During liver surgery, fibrinolysis increased, as evidenced by rises in plasma PAI-1and t-PA, especially after start of surgery and following PM. Transfused volumes of blood products correlated with higher plasma concentrations of PAI-1. Confirming this tendency requires a larger cohort of patients.
Anaesthesia methods for surgical procedures, as well as for organ transplantation, have experienced remarkable changes over the past 40 years. Cadaveric renal transplant function may be impaired by haemodynamic instability induced by anaesthesia drugs. This study aimed to analyse the safety and effectiveness of the different anaesthesia methods used for renal transplantation in Latvia since 1973, with focus on its haemodynamic effects. In this retrospective study anaesthesia chart review was conducted for 607 patients (pts), aged 17-75 yrs, ASA III/IV, undergoing renal transplantation using general anaesthesia in the following periods: 1973-1990 (stage I - 282 pts); 1991-2000 (stage II - 145 pts); 2001-2011 (stage III - 180 pts). Haemodynamic data (systolic, diastolic, mean arterial blood pressure and central venous pressure) were measured prior to premedication and induction of anaesthesia, immediately afterwards, during the surgery and up to its completion with the special attention regarding the time of graft reperfusion. The main perioperative problems of the anaesthesia methods used during stage I (barbiturates, viadril, neuroleptanalgesics, sodium oxybutyrate, halothane, nitrous oxide) was haemodynamic instability in 60% of cases and apnea due to central depression and long-time peripheral neuromuscular blockade. Two patients died due to underlying comorbid conditions, including hyperhidration and oedema pulmonum. Substantial haemodynamic changes during total intravenous anaesthesia with propofol and combined anaesthesia propofol-isoflurane (stage II) were not observed. At the time of graft reperfusion, the incidence of hypotension was slightly higher in patients anaesthetised with isoflurane than in those who received sevoflurane (stage III), but this difference was not significant (P > 0.05). Kidney functioned immediately in 75% of cases and delayed function was observed in 25% of cases in sevoflurane and isoflurane groups. The modern anaesthetic agents provide a great margin of safety during renal transplantation. Total intravenous anaesthesia with midasolam-fentanyl-propofol and general anaesthesia with propofol-isoflurane, propofol-sevoflurane can be safely used. During renal transplantation, anaesthesiologists must optimise volume status, perfusion pressure and promote survival of the renal graft.
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