Real time, continuous and remote monitoring of the honeybee colonies with application of information and communication technologies (ICT) is becoming increasingly frequent in industry and in a scientific research. Combination of ICT and beekeeping led to the development of the Precision Beekeeping approach. Successful implementation of the Precision Beekeeping system includes development of the bee colony monitoring hardware solution and computer software for data collection and further analysis. This paper describes developed and implemented bee colony monitoring unit for weight and temperature monitoring. Bee colony weight is one of the key metrics of the strength of a colony. Changes in weight can reflect the productivity rate of the colony, as well as its health and state. Developed monitoring system is based on Raspberry Pi Zero W single board computer with several connected sensors for bee colony temperature and environmental parameter monitoring. Weight is measured using single point load cell with possibility to measure weight up to 200kg, which is enough for the beehive measurements. Data transfer from the remote bee colony is provided by the external 3G router. For data storage and analysis cloud-based data warehouse is developed. Collected data is accessible in the web system with user friendly interface for data visualisation and reporting. Within this research scale calibration process is described and accuracy of the weighting is evaluated and possible challenges are discussed. Described monitoring system is developed within the Horizon 2020 project SAMS, which is funded by the European Union within the H2020-ICT-39-2016-2017 call. To find out more visit the project website https://sams-project.eu/.
When converting an internal combustion vehicle to electric power, it is important to choose the right transmission gear ratio to ensure optimum performance of the vehicle. A converted automobile is usually equipped with a standard transmission gearbox, while the motor control block is programmed for one particular gear. During the operation of an electric automobile, the gears could be shifted, when the automobile is stopped, as the clutch is not used by the electric automobile. In choosing a gear ratio, a priority could be to ensure good dynamic performance or high speed achievement. However, one of the most important parameters is energy consumption and the distance covered per charge. After identifying the optimum gear ratio or the gear to be used, the unused gears of the transmission gearbox of the converted vehicle could be dismantled, thereby reducing the weight of the vehicle and increasing the transmission gear ratio. A converted Renault Clio with a 96 V battery system and a standard 5-speed transmission gearbox was road tested. The experimental dataspeed, change in voltage and current, battery temperature and measurement time were recorded by a multichannel data logger. The road tests were carried out at constant speeds-50 and 90 km•h-1. The road tests showed that energy consumption by the electric automobile in the fourth gear at 50 km•h-1 was the lowest, consuming a power of 5.86 kW, while in the fourth gear at 90 km•h-1 it consumed 15.43 kW.
In the last decade, alternative energy is being used in various vehicles due to the depletion of fossil energy resources. One of the kinds of alternative energy is electricity. Electric drive can be used in land vehicles, aircraft and watercraft. To identify the possibility of using electric watercraft and the technical parameters, an experiment was conducted in real navigation conditions in the territory of Jelgava city on the Driksa canal on a 1.62 km long route. The experiment used a data logger to take measurements of parameters of the motor and the solar cell, as well as of solar intensity. The experiment was done with a rebuilt pedal-powered catamaran equipped with a 445 W solar panel, a 40 Ah lithium-ion battery and a Minn Kota Endura C2 34 electric motor. The experimental data were processed to identify the power and energy generated and consumed parameters for the electric motor, the solar panel and the battery of the watercraft. On the day of the experiment at a solar intensity of 500-600 W·m-2, the catamaran could cover an unlimited distance at power settings 3 to 5 at a speed of 2.73 km h-1 to 3.79 km h-1. At power setting 5, the electric motor consumed a power input of 320-330 W – a power output generated by the solar cell in sunny weather. If the battery is discharged, the solar cell charges it when the watercraft is anchored in the port, as well as when moving in case the solar cell generates more energy than the motor consumes at a particular power setting. According to the results of the experiment, low-speed electric-drive watercraft equipped with solar cells can be operated without additional battery charging at all power settings at geographical latitudes up to 57° and solar altitudes up to 35°-56°.
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