This paper reviews the development of latent heat storage Phase Change Material (PCM) containing plaster as in passive application. Due to the phase change, these materials can store higher amounts of thermal energy than traditional building materials and can be used to add thermal inertia to lightweight constructions. It was shown that the use of PCMs have advantages stabilizing the room temperature variations during summer days, provided sufficient night ventilation is allowed. Another advantage of PCM usage is stabilized indoor temperature on the heating season. The goal of this study is to develop cement and lime based plaster containing microencapsulated PCM. The plaster is expected to be used for passive indoor applications and enhance the thermal properties of building envelope. The plaster was investigated under Scanning Electron Microscope and the mechanical, physical and thermal properties of created plaster samples were determined.
Two types of PCM were investigated for use in phase change gypsum boards: salt hydrate and paraffin. The transition temperatures, or melting temperatures, of the PCM is near to standard or suggested room temperatures 20-21 °C for heating-dominated climates or 25-27 °C for cooling-dominated climates. Phase change gypsum boards were produced by using three different methods: simple immersion for 1 hour and direct incorporation of raw and microencapsulated PCMs in 5 and 10% of composition mass. PCM were tested and the effects of energy conservation of PCM gypsum boards were determined. Also some physical and mechanical properties were determined to investigate the effect of PCM addition to gypsum boards.
The disposal and treatment of solid and hazardous industrial waste is quite expensive for any industry; therefore it brings challenges to find a solution that permits to obtain new, usable products by waste utilization in a technically and economically sustainable as well as environmentally friendly way. The production of lightweight concrete by using aggregates made by industrial by-products and hazardous solid waste such as expanded fly ash, slag, sludge etc. is well known. This research provides possibilities to reuse waste called nonmetallic product (NMP) from aluminium scrap recycling factories for the manufacturing of lightweight expanded clay aggregates and lightweight concrete. Characterization of NMP is described in the preliminary publications (Bajare et al. 2012). The manufacturing cycle of lightweight expanded clay aggregates were simulated in laboratory by sintering the claywaste mixes in the rotary furnace up to 1200°C. Lightweight expanded clay aggregates with rather different pore structure were obtained due to slight variations of mixture composition and sintering temperature. Produced aggregates were with bulk density from 320 kg/m 3 to 620 kg/m 3. Different types of lightweight aggregates were used to produce lightweight concretes. Mechanical, physical and thermal conductivity tests were performed for hardened concrete specimens according to standard procedures.
Strategy of the European Union in efficient energy usage demands to have a higher proportion of renewable energy in the energy market. Since heat pumps are considered to be one of the most efficient heating and cooling systems, they will play an important role in the energy consumption reduction in buildings aimed to meet the target of nearly zero energy buildings set out in the EU Directive 2010/31/EU. Unfortunately, the declared heat pump Coefficient of Performance (COP) corresponds to a certain outdoor temperature (+7 °C), therefore different climate conditions, building characteristics and settings result in different COP values during the year. The aim of this research is to investigate the Seasonal Performance factor (SPF) values of air-to-water heat pump which better characterize the effectiveness of heat pump in a longer selected period of time, especially during the winter season, in different types of residential buildings in Latvian climate conditions. Latvia has four pronounced seasons of near-equal length. Winter starts in mid-December and lasts until mid-March. Latvia is characterized by cold, maritime climate (duration of the average heating period being 203 days, the average outdoor air temperature during the heating period being 0.0 °C, the coldest five-day average temperature being −20.7 °C, the average annual air temperature being +6.2 °C, the daily average relative humidity being 79 %). The first part of this research consists of operational air-towater heat pump energy performance monitoring in different residential buildings during the winter season. The second part of the research takes place under natural conditions in an experimental construction stand which is located in an urban environment in Riga, Latvia. The inner area of this test stand, where air-to-water heat pump performance is analyzed, is 9 m2. The ceiling height is 3 m, all external wall constructions (U = 0.16 W/(m2K)) have ventilated facades. To calculate SPF, the experimental stand is equipped with sensors which provide measurements for electricity consumption and gained heat energy.
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