Abstract. Modern slavery is a significant global human rights crisis that disproportionately affects women and girls, and research indicates that the COVID-19 pandemic has exacerbated existing vulnerabilities to exploitation. Early evidence suggests that the pandemic has disproportionately affected women and girls, including an increase in lack of access to family planning and adequate sexual and reproductive care and an increase in maternal mortality rates. Additionally, the pandemic has instigated a reduction in economic opportunities and access to education for women and girls and increased violence against women. For this study, regression analysis was used to examine country-level data from 197 UN member countries. Predictor variables included indicators reflecting key areas addressed by UN Sustainable Development Goal 5 (SDG-5): gender inequality, educational and economic opportunities for females, women's leadership, gendered violence, and women's health. SDG-5 calls for gender equality and empowerment of women and girls. The criterion variable was the estimated prevalence of modern slavery across UN countries. Regression analysis revealed significant results across all models. Literacy rates and expected years of schooling for females, femicide, lifetime prevalence of violence, and several indicators of women's health were found to be strongly and significantly related to increased estimated prevalence of modern slavery. Furthermore, we propose that the pandemic has increased vulnerability to exploitation for women and girls by regressing progress across all areas addressed by SDG-5.
Climate change, violence against women (VAW), and modern slavery are significant human rights crises to which women are disproportionately vulnerable. Our research examined the complex relationship between indicators of climate change, VAW, and the estimated prevalence of modern slavery across 180 countries. Regression analysis revealed significant results suggesting that countries where climate change and VAW are prevalent may support conditions that exacerbate vulnerability to exploitation. Results are placed within a gender framework, highlighting ecofeminism theory for an examination of patriarchal and capitalistic systems and their relationship to the oppression of women, the degradation of the environment, and modern slavery.
"Extant research in risk-taking and self-harm behaviors has indicated that gender, age, and certain socioeconomic factors are associated with risk-taking behaviors. Our study tested the connection between gender, age, having children at home, and risk-taking behavior among adults. We predicted that having children at home would be associated with reduced risky behavior for both women and men, but more so in women than men. More than 450 (N = 454) American adults (M age = 33.3 years, SD = 11.9) were recruited from Prolific. Participants identified as male (54.4%), female (45.4%) or transgender (0.2%). Ethnicity was self-identified as Caucasian/White (80.4%), African American/Black (7.7%), multiracial (4.4%), Latinx (4%), Asian/Asian American (3.1%), Native American or Alaskan Native (0.2%), and other (0.2%). Participants completed the Risky, Impulsive, and Self-Destructive Behavior Questionnaire (Sadeh & Baskin-Sommers, 2016) to measure engagement in various forms of risky behavior throughout their lifetime including illegal risky behavior and risky sexual behavior. Differences in illegal behavior, risky sexual behavior, and other types of risky behavior were found between men and women, F(3, 441) = 9.09, p < .0001, partial ?2 = .06, with men reporting more risky behavior of all types. ANCOVAs were used to further assess the relationships between gender identity and having children (IVs) and total risky behavior and illegal behavior (DVs); age was covaried. Significant interactions between IVs revealed that male participants with children at home engaged in significantly more risky sexual behavior, F(1, 441) = 4.24, p = .04, overall risky behavior, F(1, 441) = 3.89, p = .049, and illegal behavior, F(1, 441) = 3.59, p = .059, than those without children at home. For women, there was no relationship between having children at home and risky behavior, illegal behavior, or risky sexual behavior. The results may inform parenting education and law enforcement."
"Transgender youth experience societal stigma, rejection, and other psychosocial stressors associated with the crisis of their gender identity. Due to these struggles, the youth can present with suicidality, mood swings, fear of abandonment, identity disturbances – features that are similar to borderline personality disorder (BPD) traits. We interviewed four transgender youths who were labelled as potentially borderline or were diagnosed with the disorder. The data was analyzed using thematic analysis of qualitative interview data where several important themes emerged. One theme across participants was anger at the mislabeling that slowed the investigation into their transgender concerns and affirmation journey. Another theme was that the BPD label can be helpful at times to externalize symptoms for these youth. All participants acknowledged that the symptoms that match with BPD subsided with gender-affirming treatment and social transition. Findings can inform clinicians about the potential symptom overlap and raise awareness about the both the extreme harm and some good that the label of BPD carries for transgender youth."
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