Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing this collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden to Department of Defense, Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports (0704-0188), 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202-4302. Respondents should be aware that notwithstanding any other provision of law, no person shall be subject to any penalty for failing to comply with a collection of information if it does not display a currently valid OMB control number. PLEASE DO NOT RETURN YOUR FORM TO THE ABOVE ADDRESS. REPORT DATE (DD-MM-YYYY)2. REPORT TYPE PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES)Cornell University, Ithaca NY PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NUMBER SPONSORING / MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 10. SPONSOR/MONITOR'S ACRONYM(S) SPONSOR/MONITOR'S REPORT NUMBER(S) DISTRIBUTION / AVAILABILITY STATEMENTApproved for public release; distribution is unlimited SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES ABSTRACTThis project developed acoustical systems for monitoring of wildlife sounds over large areas where access is limited. These systems were tested at Fort Hood, Texas, where Golden-cheeked Warblers and Black-capped Vireos are managed intensively. A balloon system was designed to carry digital audio recorders across inaccessible areas. Horn-loaded microphones were developed to provide lightweight acoustical sensors that were highly sensitive to bird songs and deemphasized low-frequency noise from military training activity. The balloon control system included GPS track logging, altitude control, and bidirectional wireless communications. Ground-based recording 6 ARU hardware 7 SUBJECT TERMSAerial platform development 10 Signal Processing 38Conclusions 46 Literature Cited 47iv Table 4 Weight reduction of balloon components 15 Table 5. Summary of all balloon flights. 18 Table 6. Species detected acoustically during one or more balloon flights at Fort Hood, sorted by Partners in Flight bird conservation score (BCS). 22 Table 7. Numbers of songs, and estimated numbers of birds detected for selected species detected during balloon flights over Fort Hood 24 Table 8 Comparing the modal song interval values and autocorrelation peak values for nine species of interest 30 Table 9: Summary of data on automated detection and classification of black-capped vireo song from ARU recordings 43 Extensive ground recordings of BCVI songs were obtained to develop and test automatic detection and classification software. Nearly three-quarters of a million BCVI songs were identified from a sample of nearly five million candidate sounds detected in more than 22,000 hours of recordings. List of Figures List of TablesSmall, drifting balloons provide...

Antifouling chemicals have a long history of causing toxicity to aquatic organisms. We measured growth and developmental timing in wood frog tadpoles exposed to the antifouling chemical medetomidine (10 nM-10 μM) starting at two different developmental stages in static renewal experiments. For tadpoles hatched from egg masses and exposed for 3 weeks to 100 nM and 1 μM, head width/total body length ratio was significantly shorter compared to control. For field-collected tadpoles at Gosner stage 24-25 and exposed for 2 weeks, 1 and 10 μM medetomidine significantly slowed development as measured by Gosner stage. Medetomidine (1 and 10 μM) significantly increased the time to metamorphosis by over 16 days on average, and at 100 nM and 1 μM, it significantly decreased mass at metamorphosis. We discuss the possible effects of antifouling chemicals containing medetomidine on globally threatened groups such as amphibians.