Othering, as a philosophical construct with pernicious and violent consequences in practice, is a colonial creation for ill-gotten economic and political gain. The pivotal report, Reclaiming Power & Place: The Final Report of the National Inquiry into Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women and Girls highlights the ongoing genocide of hundreds of Indigenous women, girls, and 2SLGBTQQIA people in Canada (National Inquiry into Missing & Murdered Indigenous Women & Girls, 2019a). Making the direct link between the dehumanization of Indigenous women, girls, and 2SLGBTQQIA people within settler colonialism and the genocide, this report is an important and stark reminder of the devastating consequences of Othering and -as a response to the Calls for Justice to health service providers -compels a re-examination of Othering as a deliberate philosophical construction of colonial advancement. 1 Call for Justice 7.6 says, "We call upon institutions and health service providers to ensure that all persons involved in the provision of health services to Indigenous Peoples receive ongoing training, education, and awareness in areas including, but not limited to: the history of colonialism in the oppression and genocide of Inuit, Metis, and First Nations peoples; anti-bias and anti-racism; local language and culture and; local health and healing practices" (National Inquiry into Missing & MurderedIndigenous Women & Girls, 2019b). In the vein of education and awareness, the process of constructing the Other must be addressed, as Othering is upheld by ontological and epistemological 1 While the MMIWG report is specific to Canada, violence against Indigenous women as a tool of and propelled by colonialism is not unique to Canada (Kuokkanen, 2019).
IntroductionOutreach is regularly identified as an effective strategy to engage underserved, hard-to-reach and hidden populations with essential life-sustaining health services. Despite the increasing expansion of outreach programmes, particularly in HIV prevention and health promotion with youth, sex workers, people living with mental health and substance use challenges, and those affected by homelessness, there has been limited synthesis of the evidence concerning the core components of outreach programming or indicators of its successful implementation. Without this understanding, current outreach programmes may be limited in achieving the desired aims. The aim of this scoping review is to explore how outreach has been operationalised and implemented in various community settings with people underserved in current healthcare contexts. Understanding the state of knowledge pertaining to outreach as programming and as practice involving the engagement of people considered hard-to-reach will enable the identification of promising trends and limitations in the field.Methods and analysisThis scoping review follows the Arksey and O’Malley’s framework. CINAHL, MEDLINE, PsycINFO and PubMed databases will be searched for peer-reviewed references focused on outreach with hard-to-reach and hidden groups from 1 January 2008 to 30 April 2020. Guided by explicit inclusion and exclusion criteria, three reviewers will independently assess references in two successive stages. Titles and abstracts will be reviewed followed by full-text assessment of papers meeting the review criteria. A descriptive overview, tabular and/or graphical summaries and a thematic analysis will be carried out on extracted data.Ethics and disseminationEthics approval was not required as the only data source was peer-reviewed documents. Outreach knowledge users who are members of the project team will participate in all aspects of study design, implementation and result dissemination strategies.
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