This study investigated demand-withdraw communication among 68 severely distressed couples seeking therapy, 66 moderately distressed couples seeking therapy, and 48 nondistressed couples. Self-report and videotaped discussions replicated previous research, demonstrating that greater demand-withdraw during relationship problem discussions was associated with greater distress and that overall, wife-demand/husband-withdraw was greater than husband-demand/wife-withdraw. Results extended the conflict structure view of demand-withdraw by indicating that this gender polarity in demand-withdraw roles varied in strength and direction depending on who chose the topic for discussion, distress level, and marriage length. Further, in videotaped personal problem discussions, typical gender patterns of demand-withdraw were reversed. Across the relationship and personal problem discussions, a pattern of gender polarity emerged when husbands held the burden of changing.

the authors present a content analysis of syllabi from introductory multicultural counseling training (Mct) courses. results suggest that these courses focus on knowledge of other cultural groups, emphasize the cultural identity exploration of the student at a lower level of training, and almost completely ignore the development of skills. the study revealed that Mct frequently includes groups beyond racial and ethnic minority groups. a broad range of instructional strategies are used, with a handful being used on a frequent basis.los autores presentan un análisis del contenido de planes de estudios empleados en cursos introductorios de formación en consejería multicultural (Mct, por sus siglas en inglés). los resultados sugieren que estos cursos se centran en el conocimiento de otros grupos culturales, enfatizan la exploración de la identidad cultural del alumno en los niveles iniciales de su formación e ignoran casi por completo el desarrollo de habilidades. el estudio reveló que la Mct incluye con frecuencia grupos aparte de las minorías raciales y étnicas. se utiliza una amplia gama de estrategias didácticas, un puñado de las cuales se emplea frecuentemente. Because the course syllabus is considered a learning contract between the instructor and the student, syllabi are an excellent source of information about what is being taught in multicultural counseling training (MCT) courses and how it is being taught. Content analysis of course syllabi is a technique that has been used to study a variety of counselor education issues: spirituality training (Cashwell & Young, 2004), clinical training of school counselors (Akos & Scarborough, 2004), and addictions training of rehabilitation counselors (Toloczko et al., 1998). Using syllabi as a source of data has the additional advantage that it will most likely result in a higher return rate than lengthy surveys, given the ease in sending an existing syllabus and the fact that syllabi are considered a public document.In this article, we use a syllabus content analysis to capture a "snapshot" of introductory master's-level MCT courses taught in early 2000. This content analysis explores three issues within MCT: (a) the relative emphasis that is placed on the three subcomponents of the MCCs; (b) the extent to which Paul E. Priester, Janice E. Jones, Christina M. Jackson-Bailey, Asma Jana-Masri, Edgar X. Jordan, and A. J. Metz, Department Leadership, Cardinal Stritch University, 6801 N. Yates Road, Milwaukee, cultural groups beyond the traditional four racial groups are included as explicit domains of study; and (c) identifying which MCT teaching techniques are used, as well as their relative frequency of use. the mccsThe MCCs comprise three subcomponents: (a) counselors' awareness of their own cultural and racial heritage and the extent to which they have benefited from the dynamics of oppression, (b) knowledge about the cultural norms and beliefs of other groups, and (c) ability to modify therapeutic skills or techniques in a culturally sensitive manner (Sue, Arredond...

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