Background: Incidence of diabetes, obesity and insulin resistance are associated with high glycemic load diets. Identifying food components that decrease post-prandial glycemia may be beneficial for developing low glycemic foods and supplements. This study explores the glycemic impact of adding escalating doses of a glycemic index lowering peptide fraction (GILP) from whey to a glucose drink.

Compared with white bread, pistachio consumption reduced postprandial glycemia, increased glucagon-like-peptide levels and may have insulin-sparing properties. These effects could be beneficial for individuals with diabetes and metabolic syndrome.

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The authors undertook a systematic review of studies that used mobile apps to modify the compliance with dietary restrictions of patients with chronic kidney disease. They found only two randomised controlled trials and three case reports and thus clinical benefit or harm could not be determined. ABSTRACT:Dietary apps for mobile technology are becoming increasingly available and can assist in recording food and fluid intake for nutrition assessment or monitoring. Patients with chronic renal disease, particularly those on dialysis, are required to make significant dietary changes. This study systematically reviews the current literature to assess whether dietary mobile apps improve dietary intake and clinical outcomes in the renal population, specifically those with chronic kidney disease levels 3-5, including dialysis. A systematic search of Medline Complete, CINAHL, Embase, PsycINFO and the Cochrane Library was performed and supplemented by manual searches of citation and reference lists. Of the 712 studies considered, five were eligible for inclusion in this review. The quality of each included study was assessed using a Quality Criteria Checklist for Primary Research. Among five studies (two randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and three case studies/ reports), none found significant changes in nutrient intake, biochemical markers or intradialytic weight gain, through the use of dietary mobile apps. The included studies show potential for clinical benefits of mobile app interventions in a renal population. However, there is a need for additional rigorous trials to demonstrate if there is a clinical benefit of mobile app interventions in this population.

The findings describe how age-correlated personal and social factors contribute to, or statistically conceal, older adults' sense of health control, self-efficacy, and self-esteem.

Background/Objectives: Glycaemic responses are influenced by carbohydrate absorption rate, type of monosaccharide absorbed and the presence of fat; the effect of some of these factors may be modulated by metabolic differences between subjects. We hypothesized that glycaemic index (GI) values are affected by the metabolic differences between subjects for foods containing fructose or fat, but not for starchy foods. Subjects/Methods: The GI values of white bread (WB), fruit leather (FL) and chocolate-chip cookies (CCC) (representing starch, fructose and fat, respectively) were determined in subjects (n ¼ 77) recruited to represent all 16 possible combinations of age (p40, 440 years), sex (male, female), ethnicity (Caucasian, non-Caucasian) and body mass index (BMI) (p25, 425 kg/m 2 ) using glucose as the reference. At screening, fasting insulin, lipids, c-reactive protein (CRP), aspartate transaminase (AST) and waist circumference (WC) were measured. Results: There were no significant main effects of age, sex, BMI or ethnicity on GI, but there were several food  subject-factor interactions. Different factors affected each food's area under the curve (AUC) and GI. The AUC after oral glucose was related to ethnicity, age and triglycerides (r 2 ¼ 0.27); after WB to ethnicity, age, triglycerides, sex and CRP (r 2 ¼ 0.43); after CCC to age and weight (r 2 ¼ 0.18); and after FL to age and CRP (r 2 ¼ 0.12). GI of WB was related to ethnicity (r 2 ¼ 0.12) and of FL to AST, insulin and WC (r 2 ¼ 0.23); but there were no significant correlations for CCC. Conclusions:The GI values of foods containing fructose might be influenced by metabolic differences between -subjects, whereas the GI of starchy foods might be affected by ethnicity. However, the proportion of variation explained by subject factors is small.

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OBJECTIVE -The objective of this study was to compare the plasma glucose and insulin responses elicited by two ready-to-eat breakfast cereals (one being high and the other being low in cereal fiber) and to see if the differences in response depended on subjects' fasting plasma insulin.RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS -Nondiabetic men (n ϭ 77) were studied on two occasions after 10-to 14-h overnight fasts. They consumed 25 g of available carbohydrate from high-or low-fiber breakfast cereals in random order with blood taken at intervals for 2 h. Data from the 42 men with high fasting plasma insulin (FPI) on screening (Ͼ40 pmol/l) were compared with those from the 35 men with normal FPI (Յ40 pmol/l).RESULTS -Hyperinsulinemic men had significantly higher waist circumference and BMI, lower HDL cholesterol, and a trend toward higher triglycerides (P ϭ 0.07) than control subjects. In all 77 subjects, the incremental area under the glucose response curve (AUC) after high-fiber cereal was 11.8 Ϯ 5.5% (P ϭ 0.036) less than after low-fiber cereal with the reductions being equivalent in the hyperinsulinemic (12.6 Ϯ 8.3%) and control (10.9 Ϯ 9.1%) groups. However, insulin peak rise was reduced by the high-fiber cereal only in hyperinsulinemic men (351 Ϯ 29 vs. 485 Ϯ 55 pmol/l) but not in control subjects (211 Ϯ 20 vs. 220 Ϯ 20 pmol/l; cereal ϫ group interaction P ϭ 0.044). Insulin AUC after the high-fiber cereal, expressed as a percentage of that after low-fiber cereal, was negatively related to FPI (P ϭ 0.009) but not to age, BMI, or waist circumference.CONCLUSIONS -The high-fiber cereal reduced glucose responses to the same extent in normal and hyperinsulinemic men, but reduced insulin responses only in hyperinsulinemic subjects.