The goal of this open-label trial was to examine the efficacy and safety of a 12-week omega-3 fatty acids supplementation among children suffering with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD). A total of 41 children and adolescents aged 7-18 years (36 boys, 5 girls; mean age = 11.66, s.d. = 3.05) diagnosed with ASD participated in the study. At post-treatment, participants showed significant improvements on all subscales of the Social Responsiveness Scale (P < 0.01) and the Social and Attention Problems syndrome scales of the Child Behavior Checklist (P < 0.05). Blood fatty acid levels were significantly correlated with changes in the core symptoms of ASD. Baseline levels of blood fatty acid levels were also predictive of response to the omega-3 treatment. Omega-3 fatty acids supplementation was well-tolerated and did not cause any serious side effects. Our findings lend some preliminary support for the use of omega-3 fatty acids supplementation in addressing ASD. Future randomized controlled trials of omega-3 fatty acids in ASD with blood fatty acid measurements with a larger sample and longer follow-up period is warranted.
1 ABSTRACT 5S K edge XANES and Mn, W and Ni XANES and EXAFS spectra of silicate glasses syn-6 thesised at 1400 • C and 1 bar with compositions in the CaO-MgO-Al 2 O 3 -SiO 2 -S plus MnO, 7 NiO, or WO 3 systems were used to investigate sulphur speciation in silicate glasses. 8S K-edge spectra comprised a composite peak with an edge between 2470 and 2471.4 eV, 9 which was attributed to S 2− , and a peak of variable height with an edge at 2480.2 to 2480.8 10 eV, which is consistent with the presence of S 6+ . The latter peak was attributed to sample 11 oxidation during sample storage. W-rich samples produced an additional lower energy peak 12 at 2469.8 eV that is tentatively attributed to the existence of S 3p orbitals hybridised with 13 the W 5d states.14 Deconvolution of the composite peak reveals that the composite peak for Mn-bearing ratios, but not with W:Ca ratios. Spectra from Ni-bearing samples were qualitatively similar 20 but S levels were too low to allow robust quantification of peak components. Some part of 21 the signal accounted for by the 2473.1 eV peak was therefore taken to record the formation 22 of Mn-S melt species, while the 2469.8 peak is interpreted to record the formation of W-S 23 melt species. The 2474.9 eV and 2476.2 eV peaks were taken to be dominated by and Mg-S interactions. However, a 1:1 relationship between peak components and specific 25 energy transitions is not proposed. This interpretation is consistent with known features of 26 the lower parts of the conduction band in monosulphide minerals and indicates a similarity 27 between sulphur species in the melts and the monosulphides. S XANES spectra cannot be 28 reproduced by a combination of the spectra of the component element monosulphides. 29Mn-, W-and Ni-XANES and EXAFS for synthetic glasses without sulphide exsolution 30 did not show any sensitivity to the presence of sulphur, which is unsurprising as S:O ratios 31 were sufficiently low that metals would be mostly co-ordinated by O. Mn EXAFS spectra 32 2 were consistent with divalent Mn in 5 co-ordinated Mn-O melt species. W spectra were 33 consistent with tetrahedrally co-ordinated hexavalent W, most likely in scheelite-like melt 34 species, and Ni spectra were consistent with [4] co-ordinated divalent Ni. These results 35indicate lower coordinations for both W and Ni than those inferred by some previous workers. 36Cation coordination may reflect the proportion of non-bridging oxygens, which is lower in 37 the Ca-rich and Al-poor samples investigated here than for previous studies. rhenium, osmium and palladium (e.g. Naldrett, 1999; Wang and Zhou, 2006), the effects 43 of volcanic eruptions on the atmosphere (e.g. de Hoog et al., 2004), global sulphur cycling 44 (e.g. Alt et al., 1993; Fischer et al., 1998), and the formation of magmatic-related economic 45 sulphide deposits (e.g Cawthorn, 2005; Lee and Ripley, 1995; Li and Ripley, 2005; Pina et 46 al., 2006). Quantitative understanding and predictions (e.g. O'Neill and Mavrogenes, 2002; 47 Moretti and O...
Fe and Y K-edge extended x-ray absorption fine structure, Fe(Y) L(3,2)-edge (L(3)-edge) x-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) and valence-band photoemission spectroscopy (VB-PES) measurements have been carried out to study soft magnetic ternary Fe(78-x)Y(x)B(22) bulk metallic glasses (BMGs). The combined XANES and VB-PES results do not show broadening of the Fe 3d band to support the previous interpretation of the reduction of the magnetic moment in BMGs by Y-induced decrease of exchange splitting of Fe 3d orbitals. Instead, the density of delocalized/itinerant Fe 3d states in the vicinity of the Fermi level is found to be reduced by Y substitution, which reduces the strength of itinerant-states-mediated ferromagnetic coupling between local spins on the Fe ions and the total magnetic moment of the Fe-based BMGs.
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