This study analyzes the way in which television news organizations select and use expert sources to interpret the news. In this case study of the Persian Gulf War, news organizations chose expert sources that reflected both journalists' professional ideology and their understanding of expertise. Experts are selected according to how well their specialized knowledge conforms with what can be termed television's “operational bias,” or an emphasis on players, policies, and predictions of what will happen next. These processes undermine the ideals of balance and objectivity, and severely limit how news is framed.
Pressure diuresis refers to the direct effect of arterial pressure (AP) on the rate of urine flow (UF). On the basis of computer modeling, pressure diuresis has been viewed as a long-term mechanism that acts to set the level of the blood volume and, thus, the steady-state AP. There are no systematic studies, however, on the rapidity with which changes in AP induce changes in UF in vivo. Therefore, we measured the delay between induced changes in AP and the subsequent change in UF. Nine anesthetized rats were instrumented with arterial, venous, and ureteral catheters. AP and UF were measured every 2 s, while acute changes in AP were induced by 1) occlusion of the aorta above or below the renal vessels; 2) brief tail pinch; or 3) intravenous administration of acetylcholine (1 microgram), phenylephrine (1 microgram), or angiotensin II (0.1 microgram). The rapidity of the urinary response to induced changes in AP was determined by calculating the delay between a significant change in AP (+/- 2 SD from baseline) and a significant change in UF. The delay averaged 6.0 +/- 0.5 s for all conditions. Also, examining the relationship between the magnitude of the induced changes in AP and the magnitude of the responses in UF revealed an exponential influence of AP on UF. That is, there were proportionately larger changes in UF compared with AP (< or = 10 times greater magnitude) in response to the experimental interventions.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
As the Global War on Terror has prompted new interest in Islam in Southeast Asia, western governments have scrambled to engage with Muslim journalists in Indonesia and Malaysia. Despite this attention, surprisingly little is known about how journalists in these two majority Muslim countries actually think about the work they do. This article draws on a series of semi-structured interviews with elite journalists in Jakarta, Surabaya, and Kuala Lumpur to provide some preliminary explorations of the relationship between Islam and journalism in Southeast Asia. It argues that Muslim journalists in both Indonesia and Malaysia express the universal values of journalism, but do so within an Islamic idiom. It concludes with a discussion of justice as the overarching ideology of journalism in Islam, and a comment on how western diplomats might use the language of Islam to reach out to journalists in these two majority Muslim countries.
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