The new polymer-lipid hybrid nanoparticle system is effective for delivery of Dox and enhances its efficacy against MDR breast cancer cells.

Brain edema continues to be a major cause of mortality after diverse types of brain pathologies such as major cerebral infarcts, hemorrhages, trauma, infections and tumors. The classification of edema into vasogenic, cytotoxic, hydrocephalic and osmotic has stood the test of time although it is recognized that in most clinical situations there is a combination of different types of edema during the course of the disease. Basic information about the types of edema is provided for better understanding of the expression pattern of some of the newer molecules implicated in the pathogenesis of brain edema. These molecules include the aquaporins, matrix metalloproteinases and growth factors such as vascular endothelial growth factors A and B and the angiopoietins. The potential of these agents in the treatment of edema is discussed. Since many molecules are involved in the pathogenesis of brain edema, effective treatment cannot be achieved by a single agent but will require the administration of a "magic bullet" containing a variety of agents released at different times during the course of edema in order to be successful.

Anthracycline-containing treatment regimens are currently the most widely employed regimens for the management of breast cancer. These drug combinations are often designed based on non-cross resistance and minimal overlapping toxicity rather than drug synergism. Moreover, aggressive doses are normally used in chemotherapy to achieve a greater therapeutic benefit at the cost of more acute and long-term toxic effects. To increase chemotherapeutic efficacy while decreasing toxic effects, rational design of drug synergy-based regimens is needed. Our previous work showed a synergistic effect of doxorubicin (DOX) and mitomycin C (MMC) on murine breast cancer cells in vitro and improved efficacy and reduced systemic toxicity of DOX-loaded solid polymer-lipid hybrid nanoparticles (PLN) in animal models of breast cancer. Herein we have demonstrated true anticancer synergy of concurrently applied DOX and MMC, and have rationally designed PLN to effectively deliver this combination to multidrug resistant (MDR) MDA435/LCC6 human breast cancer cells. DOX-MMC co-loaded PLN were effective in killing MDR cells at 20-30-fold lower doses than the free drugs. This synergistic cell killing was correlated with enhanced induction of DNA double strand breaks that preceded apoptosis. Importantly, co-encapsulation of dual agents into a nanoparticle formulation was much more effective than concurrent application of single agent-containing PLN, demonstrating the requirement of simultaneous uptake of both drugs by the same cells to enhance the drug synergy. The rationally designed combination chemotherapeutic PLN can overcome multidrug resistance at a significantly lower dose than free drugs, exhibiting the potential to enhance chemotherapy and reduce the therapeutic limitations imposed by systemic toxicity.

Oculodentodigital dysplasia (ODDD) is associated with at least 28 connexin43 (Cx43) mutations. We characterized four of these mutants; Q49K, L90V, R202H, and V216L. Populations of these GFP-tagged mutants were transported to the cell surface in Cx43-negative HeLa cells and Cx43-positive NRK cells. Dual patch-clamp functional analysis in N2A cells demonstrated that channels formed by each mutant have dramatically reduced conductance. Dye-coupling analysis revealed that each mutant exhibits a dominant-negative effect on wild-type Cx43. Since ODDD patients display skeletal abnormalities, we examined the effect of three other Cx43 mutants previously shown to exert dominant-negative effects on wild-type Cx43 (G21R, G138R, and G60S) in neonatal calvarial osteoblasts. Differentiation was unaltered by expression of these mutants as alkaline phosphatase activity and extent of culture mineralization were unchanged. This suggests that loss-of-function Cx43 mutants are insufficient to deter committed osteoblasts from their normal function in vitro. Thus, we hypothesize that the bone phenotype of ODDD patients may result from disrupted gap junctional intercellular communication earlier in development or during bone remodeling.

To understand the role of connexin43 (Cx43) in epidermal differentiation, we reduced Cx43 levels by RNA-mediated interference knockdown and impaired its functional status by overexpressing loss-of-function Cx43 mutants associated with the human disease oculodentodigital dysplasia (ODDD) in rat epidermal keratinocytes. When Cx43 expression was knocked down by 50 -75%, there was a coordinate 55-65% reduction in Cx26 level, gap junction-based dye coupling was reduced by 60%, and transepithelial resistance decreased. Importantly, the overall growth and differentiation of Cx43 knockdown organotypic epidermis was severely impaired as revealed by alterations in the levels of the differentiation markers loricrin and involucrin and by reductions in vital and cornified layer thicknesses. Conversely, although the expression of Cx43 mutants reduced the coupling status of rat epidermal keratinocytes by ϳ80% without altering the levels of endogenous Cx43 or Cx26, their ability to differentiate was not altered. In addition, we used a mouse model of ODDD and found that newborn mice harboring the loss-of-function Cx43 G60S mutant had slightly reduced Cx43 levels, whereas Cx26 levels, epidermis differentiation, and barrier function remained unaltered. This properly differentiated epidermis was maintained even when Cx43 and Cx26 levels decreased by more than 70% in 3-week-old mutant mice. Our studies indicate that Cx43 and Cx26 collectively co-regulate epidermal differentiation from basal keratinocytes but play a more minimal role in the maintenance of established epidermis. Altogether, these studies provide an explanation as to why the vast majority of ODDD patients, where Cx43 function is highly compromised, do not suffer from skin disease.Gap junctions are intercellular channels that form from the pairing of two adjacent connexons from apposing cells. Connexons consist of six connexin subunits selected from the 21-member human connexin family. Gap junctions mediate gap junctional intercellular communication (GJIC), 2 which allows ions, small molecules, and secondary messengers to pass from one cell to another (1). The epidermis is primarily composed of keratinocytes that temporally and spatially express as many as 10 different connexins depending on their degree of differentiation (2). Importantly, properly regulated GJIC is essential for efficient wound healing (3, 4) and for protection against diseases of the skin (5-7).To elucidate the role of Cx43 in epidermal differentiation, we acquired an immortalized rat epidermal keratinocyte (REK) cell line that has the unique advantage of being suitable for twodimensional monolayer cultures and can be induced to differentiate into three-dimensional organotypic skin (8). REKs express mRNA for at least nine connexin family members and differentially regulate the expression and spatial localization of Cx43 and Cx26 (9). We have previously shown that the expression profile and differentiation characteristics of organotypic epidermis provide an excellent cellular environment to examine th...

These results suggest that the Cx43(G60S) mutant impairs normal trafficking and function of co-expressed Cx43 with no dramatic effect on cardiomyocyte function, suggesting that Cx43 is biosynthesized in excess of an essential need.

The presence of phosphorylated Cav-1 in endothelium of vessels showing BBB breakdown suggests that phosphorylated Cav-1 signalling may be one of the factors associated with early BBB breakdown and brain oedema in brain injury.

Tight junctions between brain endothelial cells are one of the specialized structural components of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) to proteins. Research in the last decade has demonstrated that the integral membrane proteins of cerebral endothelial tight junctions are claudin, occludin, and junctional adhesion molecule (JAM). Altered expression of these tight junction proteins could cause BBB breakdown following brain injury leading to edema. In this study, expression of JAM-A, was analyzed by immunostaining and immunoblotting in the rat cortical cold injury model, a well-characterized in vivo model of BBB breakdown. Temporal and spatial expression of JAM-A was examined at 12 hours, days 2, 4, and 6 post-lesion in cold-injured and control rats. Control rats showed punctate JAM-A immunoreactivity at intervals along the circumference of the endothelial layer at tight junctions where JAM-A colocalized with occludin. A significant decrease in JAM-A expression was noted at the lesion site by immunoblotting at 12 h only. At this time period, lesion vessels showed loss of endothelial JAM-A immunostaining while day 2 onwards, there was recovery of endothelial JAM-A immunoreactivity. Dual labelling for JAM-A and fibronectin showed that only lesion vessels with BBB breakdown to fibronectin at 12 h also showed lack of endothelial JAM-A immunoreactivity supporting the evidence that JAM-A contributes to tight junction integrity.