The ground-state structure and frontier molecular orbital of D-π-A organic dyes, CFT1A, CFT2A, and CFT1PA were theoretically investigated using density functional theory (DFT) on B3LYP functional with 6-31G(d,p) basis set. The vertical excitation energies and absorption spectra were obtained using time-dependent DFT (TD-DFT). The adsorptions of these dyes on TiO(2) anatase (101) were carried out by using a 38[TiO(2)] cluster model using Perdew-Burke-Ernzerhof functional with the double numerical basis set with polarization (DNP). The results showed that the introduction of thiophene-thiophene unit (T-T) as conjugated spacer in CFT2A could affect the performance of intramolecular charge transfer significantly due to the inter-ring torsion of T-T being decreased compared with phenylene-phenylene (P-P) spacer of CFP2A in the researhcers' previous report. It was also found that increasing the number of π-conjugated unit gradually enhanced charge separation between the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) of these dyes, leading to a high-efficiency photocurrent generation. The HOMO-LUMO energy gaps were calculated to be 2.51, 2.37, and 2.50 eV for CFT1A, CFT2A, and CFT1PA respectively. Moreover, the calculated adsorption energies of these dyes on TiO(2) cluster were ~14 kcal/mol, implying that these dyes strongly bind to TiO(2) surface. Furthermore, the electronic HOMO and LUMO shapes of all dye-TiO(2) complexes exhibited injection mechanism of electron via intermolecular charge-transfer transition.

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This research studied free radical scavenging capacity, total phenolic content, and tyrosinase inhibition activity from leaves, pods, and seeds of Moringa (Moringa oleifera Lam) extracts. The percentage inhibitions for DPPH assay for ethanol leave extract, methanol leave extract, water leave extract, methanol seed extract, and methanol pod extract were 89.33, 84.05%, 74.85%, 89.09%, and 86.36%, respectively. antioxidant activity phenolic contents the highest value of total The antioxidant activity of the crude products was tested by the ABTS method showing of 40.82% for ethanol extract of the leaves. The ferric-reducing antioxidant power of the crude extract was tested by the FRAP technique to give the ability to reduce Fe3+ to Fe2+ of 7,581.60 mg g1 of the crude extract. The ethanol leaves extract provides the of 49.21 mg GAE g1. The percentages of tyrosinase inhibition activity of ethanol extract of the leaves showed the highest activity of 86.12%. The preliminary findings reveal that ethanol the leaves ethanol extracts have the potential to be used as a natural skinwhitening agent in cosmetic products. In this study, the ethanol leaves extract can be applied as an ingredient in cosmetic products including soap, facial cleansing gel, and cream formulated from the ethanol leaf extract of Moringa. Moreover, the Moringa soap product already passed the specification recommended by the food and drug administrations.

This research was aimed to evaluate the effects of cardamonin enriched diets on growth, intestinal histology, hematology, and biochemical parameters of hybrid catfish (Clarias macrocephalus × Clarias gariepinus). Fish (the initial weight of 7.00 ± 1.00 g) were fed with the diets containing cardamonin at 0 (control), 5, and 10 mg/kg diet for 8 weeks. After the feeding period, it was found that cardamonin enriched diets significantly enhanced growth parameters and feed utilization efficiency compared with the control (P<0.05). Additionally, cardamonin enriched diets significantly increased villi height, villi width, absorptive area, muscle thickness, and goblet cell compared with the control diets (P<0.05). Hematological indices including hemoglobin, hematocrit, white blood cell, red blood cell, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration did not differ among the treatments (P>0.05). Serum cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, and creatinine were unaffected by cardamonin enriched diets (P>0.05), meanwhile, albumin levels of the tested fish were significantly increased compared with the control (P<0.05). In conclusion, these findings indicate that cardamonin could be used as a phytogenic feed additive to enhance the growth of hybrid catfish and the effective level observed was 10 mg/kg diet.