The Sulawesi black macaque (Macaca nigra) population at Tangkoko Nature Reserve in North Sulawesi, Indonesia has been the focus of periodic study for over 30 years. The population has shown considerable decline during much of that time. Here we present the results of a long-term population survey of the Tangkoko M. nigra, conducted over the past decade, to provide updated information and on-going assessment of the population. Line-transect sampling was conducted annually from 1999 to 2002 and 2005 to 2011 along the same transect during a 2- to 3-week survey period. Although further decline in the population was observed at the outset of the survey, over the subsequent 12-year period we have seen stability in the population parameters with evidence of modest increases in both group and population density. During the 1999-2002 survey periods, there was a mean group density of 3.6 groups/km(2) and a mean population density of 39.8 individuals/km(2) . During 2005-2011, mean group density increased to 3.8 groups/km(2) and mean population density was 51.4 individuals/km(2) . The 2011 survey data indicated an estimated group density of 4.3 groups/km(2) and a population density of 61.5 individuals/km(2) . Given that our transect was located in the core of the Tangkoko reserve, our density estimates should be limited to that area of the reserve. One explanation for the apparent stabilization of the population may be tied to the increasing and sustained number of training and research programs being conducted at the reserve. This collective effort by local and international groups may be helping to reduce illegal activity in the reserve (i.e., hunting and habitat destruction) and generate greater awareness of this critically endangered species. Without the continued vigilance afforded by the existing research and training programs and the support and involvement of the local people, the M. nigra at the Tangkoko Nature Reserve will likely face further decline.
Local pigs are one of Indonesia's livestock germplasm and have an important role in the rural farming system in the North Sulawesi. The aim of this study was to identify the phenotypic characteristic of local pigs in the North Sulawesi. The study was carried out as a field level survey and investigation through direct observation of phenotypic traits of local pigs in eight villages which is located in the two main regions of the North Sulawesi, namely Minahasa Utara (Darunu, Sonsilo, Marinsow and Kalinaun) and Bolaang Mongondow (Pindolili, Baturapa, Sangtombolang and Tanjung Sidupa). A total of 212 pigs were used to observe the parameters of body weight, body length, heart grith, height at withers, head length and ear length. Data were analyzed using general linear model and discriminant analysis. The results showed that body weight and linear body measurement of local pigs in eight locations in the North Sulawesi were significantly different (p < 0.05) with the following traits; average body weight of 27.67±12.90 kg, body length of 70.62±14.21 cm, heart grith of 62.89±13.30 cm, height at withers of 44.73±8.86 cm, head length of 25.06 ±5.96 cm, ear length of 15.6±4.05 cm and hock circumference of 9.87±1.31 cm.
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