Some of the non-pharmacological interventions have an evident favourable effect on pulse rate, respiration and oxygen saturation, on the reduction of motor activity, and on the excitation states after invasive measures. However, unambiguous evidence of this still remains to be presented. Further research should emphasise the use of validated pain assessment instruments for the evaluation of the pain-alleviating effect of non-pharmacological interventions.
We report an uncommon cluster of this rare condition which occurred within a very short period of time in our unit. We reviewed the current literature and observed that the diagnosis is often delayed, which can have very serious consequences for the outcome. Our 3 patients have had an uncomplicated course so far and follow-up examination at almost one year was normal. A high index of suspicion for the diagnosis and early and aggressive treatment is necessary.
Many diagnostic and therapeutic procedures performed in the neonatal intensive care unit are painful for the preterm or term infant. Pain is therefore a central issue in neonatal intensive care nursing. As significant side effects are associated with analgesics, non-pharmacological methods of pain prevention and relief are being favoured over pharmacological therapy. This development is very important for the nursing profession since non-pharmacological interventions are determined and carried out without an order from a physician. This review of the current literature investigates the efficacy of non-pharmacological nursing interventions in the management of pain in the neonatal intensive care unit. Despite certain methodological problems with some of the studies included in this review, the trend favours non-pharmacological interventions. Modulation of arousal and excitability during and after a painful stimulus as well as an effect on physiological and behavioural parameters have been described following non-pharmacological interventions. The studies reviewed suggest that neonates show fewer signs of pain and stress after non-pharmacological interventions for prevention and relief of pain.
lower risk of a TR cancer compared to the control group. Individuals with schizophrenia (HRZ0.86; pZ0.40; 95% CI: 0.62-1.21) or bipolar disorder (HRZ0.58; pZ0.12; 95% CI: 0.29-1.14), however, showed no statistically significant difference from the control group. Conclusion: Individuals with depression, anxiety disorders or multiple PD diagnoses had a significantly reduced risk of developing a TR cancer. These results were unexpected, and further analyses are required to assess whether clinically less relevant TR cancers are identified in the control group because of a higher engagement in health services, including screening for TR cancers.
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