Objectives We conducted two studies to examine the dimensions, internal consistency reliability estimates, and potential correlates of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales—21 (DASS‐21; Lovibond & Lovibond, 1995). Method Participants in Study 1 included 887 undergraduate students (363 men and 524 women, aged 18 to 35 years; mean [M] age = 19.46, standard deviation [SD] = 2.17) recruited from two public universities to assess the specificity of the individual DASS‐21 items and to evaluate estimates of internal consistency reliability. Participants in a follow‐up study (Study 2) included 410 students (168 men and 242 women, aged 18 to 47 years; M age = 19.65, SD = 2.88) recruited from the same universities to further assess factorial validity and to evaluate potential correlates of the original DASS‐21 total and scale scores. Results Item bifactor and confirmatory factor analyses revealed that a general factor accounted for the greatest proportion of common variance in the DASS‐21 item scores (Study 1). In Study 2, the fit statistics showed good fit for the bifactor model. In addition, the DASS‐21 total scale score correlated more highly with scores on a measure of mixed depression and anxiety than with scores on the proposed specific scales of depression or anxiety. Coefficient omega estimates for the DASS‐21 scale scores were good. Conclusions Further investigations of the bifactor structure and psychometric properties of the DASS‐21, specifically its incremental and discriminant validity, using known clinical groups are needed.

This study examined the vulnerability of several self-report instruments commonly used in neuropsychological evaluation - the Iowa Interview for Partial Seiwre-Like Symptoms, Postconcussion Checklist (PCL). Postconcussion Syndrome Checklist (PCSC), and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) - to exaggerated or feigned complaints. Two hundred twenty-nine college student volunteers completed the instruments under one of three conditions: I) Base Rate/Control; simulated Head Injured, but 2) without or 3) with prospect of financial gain for the injury. Although the simulated Head Injured groups did not differ significantly from one another, both groups endorsed more symptoms than the Base Rate group, suggesting that the instruments are vulnerable, to simulation. Base rates of head injury symptoms in the normal population, laypersons' knowledge about the sequelae of mild head injury, and implications of using symptom checklists in medicolegal evaluations were discussed, as was the desirability of replicating this study with noncollege student populations.

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We describe the development and initial psychometric properties of a 24-item self-report measure, the University of Texas at San Antonio Future Disposition Inventory (UTSA FDI). This instrument is designed to evaluate future related thoughts and feelings that are associated with suicide-related risk behaviors: positive focus, suicide orientation, and negative focus. The items were generated by clinical and nonclinical samples. The structure of the instrument was defined in a sample of 350 university undergraduate students (Study 1). Using CFA, we confirmed the fit of the 3-factor solution in an independent sample of college age students (n=452; Study 2). Scale reliability estimates were good (all rho's>or=.80) in both studies. Known-groups validation analyses showed that scores on each scale were useful in differentiating the responses of the study groups. Correlates for the scales were identified when scores on measures of suicide-related risk and general psychological symptoms were included as validation self-report instruments.

This study examined laypersons' perceptions of psychotherapy, the experience of psychotherapy clients, and therapist credibility. Most of Furnham and Wardley's recent findings of positive and realistic lay views on psychotherapy and therapists were replicated. Age, sex, and psychological experience mediated some beliefs about therapy and clients' experiences. Although positive views were associated with higher ratings on some aspects of therapist credibility, only the modality of the therapy (behavior vs. client‐centered vs. rational‐emotive individual therapy) influenced perceptions of overall credibility. Neither the fee charged nor the participant's sex had any effect on perceptions of therapist credibility.

This study examined the vulnerability of several self-report instruments commonly used in neuropsychological evaluation - the Iowa Interview for Partial Seiwre-Like Symptoms, Postconcussion Checklist (PCL). Postconcussion Syndrome Checklist (PCSC), and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) - to exaggerated or feigned complaints. Two hundred twenty-nine college student volunteers completed the instruments under one of three conditions: I) Base Rate/Control; simulated Head Injured, but 2) without or 3) with prospect of financial gain for the injury. Although the simulated Head Injured groups did not differ significantly from one another, both groups endorsed more symptoms than the Base Rate group, suggesting that the instruments are vulnerable, to simulation. Base rates of head injury symptoms in the normal population, laypersons' knowledge about the sequelae of mild head injury, and implications of using symptom checklists in medicolegal evaluations were discussed, as was the desirability of replicating this study with noncollege student populations.

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The authors conducted three studies to construct and examine the psychometric properties of a 27-item version of the Mood and Anxiety Symptom Questionnaire-90 (MASQ-90; Watson & Clark, 1991a). The Anxiety Depression Distress Inventory-27 (ADDI-27) contains three empirically derived scales: Positive Affect, Somatic Anxiety, and General Distress, which are relevant dimensions of the tripartite model of affect. Each scale is composed of nine items, and the estimate of scale reliability for each scale score was ≥ .80 across the three studies. Results of exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses provided adequate support for a 3-factor model. Additional estimates of concurrent validity documented the ADDI-27 scales' convergent and discriminant validity. We also identified three construct relevant correlates for each scale score. Overall, the ADDI-27 appears to be a content valid, reliable, and multidimensional measure of the tripartite model of affect.