This paper presents a literature review in relation to the meaning of spirituality. It is proposed that meeting the spiritual needs of patients is a fundamental part of providing holistic nursing care, but that the assessment and meeting of those needs is impeded by inadequate definitions and conceptual frameworks. It should not be assumed that spirituality is either synonymous, or coterminous, with religion, and it is suggested that to adopt this restrictive view is unhelpful in the provision of individualized care. Reflection on the literature reveals that the self, others and 'God' provide the key elements within a definition of spirituality, and that other emerging themes namely meaning, hope, relatedness/connectedness, beliefs/belief systems and expressions of spirituality, can be articulated in the context of those three key elements. In particular, it is proposed that the nature of 'God' may take many forms and, essentially, is whatever an individual takes to be of highest value in his/her life. It is suggested that the themes emerging from the literature can be utilized as a framework to give practitioners and researchers a direction for future exploration of the concept of spirituality.

This paper presents a literature review in relation to the meaning of spirituality. It is proposed that meeting the spiritual needs of patients is a fundamental part of providing holistic nursing care, but that the assessment and meeting of those needs is impeded by inadequate definitions and conceptual frameworks. It should not be assumed that spirituality is either synonymous, or coterminous, with religion, and it is suggested that to adopt this restrictive view is unhelpful in the provision of individualized care. Reflection on the literature reveals that the self, others and 'God' provide the key elements within a definition of spirituality, and that other emerging themes namely meaning, hope, relatedness/connectedness, beliefs/belief systems and expressions of spirituality, can be articulated in the context of those three key elements. In particular, it is proposed that the nature of 'God' may take many forms and, essentially, is whatever an individual takes to be of highest value in his/her life. It is suggested that the themes emerging from the literature can be utilized as a framework to give practitioners and researchers a direction for future exploration of the concept of spirituality.

This paper outlines a study, which provided a pilot for part of a larger research project, to investigate nurses' conceptualizations of caring. The report gives an overview of previous work related to defining the concept of care before outlining the study undertaken. A sample of nine qualified nurses was used and Kelly's repertory grid technique employed to elicit constructs within the concepts of caring attitudes and caring behaviours. Grid data were analysed using cluster analysis and nine common themes were identified. These themes were largely supportive of previous research studies. It is proposed that in developing a theory of care, a synthesis should occur between nurses' conceptualizations of the concept and their professional practice.

This paper outlines a study which was undertaken to explore the relationship between nurses' attitudes towards research and their educational experience. A Likert-type attitude questionnaire, using statements derived from themes emerging within the literature, was used prior to, and following, 61 students' learning experiences on research modules at diploma and degree levels. Teaching and learning strategies adopted within the modules focused on overcoming some of the main barriers to utilization of research findings identified within the literature. The results obtained identified a significant shift towards more positive attitudes to research following the modules. The conclusions exhort nurse educators to not only include research into curricula, but also to reflect on the teaching and learning strategies adopted.

The core cytosolic Hsp90 chaperone/co-chaperone complex plays a critical role in proteostasis management of human health and disease. To identify novel compounds that alter the ability of the Hsp90 co-chaperone Aha1 to modulate the ATPase activity found in multiple folding diseases ranging from steroid hormone receptor (SHR) sensitive prostate cancer to tauopathies associated with neurodegenerative diseases, we employed a high throughput screening (HTS) assay to monitor selectively Aha1stimulated Hsp90 (ASH) ATPase activity. The ASH assay identified SEW04784 (SEW), a small molecule that disrupts ASH activity without inhibiting the basal Hsp90 ATPase activity. NMR analysis reveals that SEW binds to the C-terminal domain of Aha1 to disrupt its asymmetric binding to Hsp90 leading to abrogation of its chaperoning activity of Hsp90. SEW exhibits therapeutic potential by blocking the transcriptional activity of prostate cancer (PCa) associated variants of the androgen receptor (AR) in a cell-based model of PCa. Additionally, SEW exhibits the ability to clear toxic, phosphorylated tau aggregated species associated with tauopathies. By not directly impacting the basal ATPase function of the abundant and ubiquitous Hsp90, SEW could provide a therapeutic approach for mitigation of client-specific proteostatic disease.of TPR containing co-chaperones via its MEEVD motif 5,14 . The Hsp90 dimer undergoes a series of structural rearrangements during its ATP-binding and hydrolysis cycle. In the nucleotide-free (apo) form, the C-terminally dimerized Hsp90 adopts an open conformation, which closes upon ATP binding and hydrolysis, a process that promotes protein folding and is assisted by the action of its multiple co-chaperones 5,14 , including the accelerator of Hsp90 ATPase (Aha1) 17-32 .Aha1 is a two domain, Hsp90 co-chaperone conserved from yeast to man 21,23,[33][34][35] . It competes with other Hsp90 co-chaperones for binding to Hsp90 and contributes to the functional activation of client proteins, including kinases, steroid hormone receptors and transcription factors 1,4,5,33,36,37 , by stimulating the ATPase activity of Hsp90 [38][39][40] . We have previously shown that Aha1 binding to Hsp90 is asymmetric. It bridges the middle domain of one of the Hsp90 protomers in the Hsp90 dimer with the N-terminal domain of the other Hsp90 molecule to promote the N-terminal dimerization of Hsp90 and thereby stimulate its ATPase activity [38][39][40] . The silencing of Aha1 decreases client protein activation and increases cellular sensitivity to Hsp90 inhibitors 38,41,42 . In cystic fibrosis (CF), a reduction of the Aha1 expression levels in vivo corrects the trafficking and functional defect associated with the deletion of Phe508 (F508del) variant of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR), the most abundant CF-associated mutation 32 . These data suggest an important role for reduced ATPase activity in the stabilization of mutant CFTR, a hypothesis that we posited can be extended to other Hsp90-associated disea...

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