Moldability criteria and process optimization for both reactive and thermoplastic injection molding hinge on the mold-filling step. The fluid mechanics of the filling step is typically described in terms of a onedimensional main flow and a complex two-dimensional flow near the advancing front, often termed the "fountain flow." A unique apparatus which permits direct observation of the fountain flow in a rectangular cavity is described. The motion of tracer lines as well as the pathlines have been photographed for both Newtonian and shear-thinning liquids. The data show clearly the main flow, the transition to the front flow, and the deceleration and acceleration zones in the fountain flow, which lead to a "mushrooming" of the tracer line.In addition, Galerkin finite-element analysis is used to predict the isothermal free-surface flow of a Newtonian liquid near the advancing front between parallel plates. The most interesting visualization of the calcu-
Used as a complement to current epidemiological surveillance methods, our approach could aid global public health officials and national political leaders in responding to biological threats of international public health significance.
The residence time of a fluid particle in mold filling is total time spent in the mold. Displaying curves of constant residence time in the mold gives the space‐time distribution during the filling process. A simple method to calculate space‐time distributions is presented. Applications to mold filling in reaction injection molding (RIM) are illustrated.
A menacing context has emerged when a dread threat persists and requires a community to reorganize its life to help mitigate consequences of threat. This article explores how menacing context links drivers of forced migration, the perception of threat among local families and domestic decision-making about remaining in place, fleeing or combinations of both. Employing a coding scheme based on dread threat theory, this article illustrates through case studies of a cholera epidemic, total war setting and a complex situation with infectious disease, civil strife and drought threats how to transform qualitative data from ethnographic, autobiographical and journalistic sources into a quantitative measurement scale of local perception of threat for use in formal modelling, forecasting and potentially enhanced humanitarian responses to mass displacement.
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