Stilbenoids such as t-piceid, t-resveratrol, ε-viniferins, and t-pterostilbene can differ significantly among grape cultivars and years due to variation in environmental conditions and subsequent stressors encountered during a year. This study evaluated diverse muscadine grape cultivars for their ability to consistently produce four major stilbenoids such as t-piceid, t-resveratrol, ε-viniferins, and t-pterostilbene irrespective of environmental changes that can impact their production. Berries from forty-two muscadine grape cultivars were collected for three years (2013, 2014, and 2015) to measure stilbenoids. Results showed significant differences in the composition of four stilbenoids among the muscadine cultivars. The highest level of stilbenoids was observed in ‘Fry Seedless’ (270.20 µg/g fresh weight) in each of the three consecutive years tested followed by ‘Pride’ (46.18 µg/g fresh weight) while ‘Doreen’ produced the lowest level of stilbenoids (1.73 µg/g fresh weight). Results demonstrated that certain muscadine grape cultivars consistently produced varied levels of the four major stilbenoids year after year. Based on the total content of stilbenoids, the 42 muscadine cultivars studied were grouped into three categories such as High, Medium and Low stilbenoid-containing cultivars. This information will help establish new vineyards with cultivars that are less prone to variations in environmental conditions and can consistently produce stilbenoid-rich muscadine grape berries with enhanced market value to promote consumer health.
Grapevine cultivation is increasing worldwide as people realize the benefits of grape and wine consumption. To improve yield and enhance the quality of grapes, biotechnology research plays an ever-increasing role. In recent years, the sequencing of multiple grape genomes has led to increased vibrant research initiatives on grape improvement. These novel approaches include those related to the application of transgenic technology toward the improvement of grape varieties. These advancements include the development of molecular markers for valuable traits, improved plant transformation systems, genetic engineering to enhance disease tolerance in grape cultivars, and the identification of flavor and aroma components to improve the enological quality of grapes. Some of the results obtained by various researchers have direct application, whereas others are yet to gain direct application in grape quality improvement, although such techniques possess potential qualities, which can be exploited for genetic breeding of Vitis species. This chapter highlights selected advancements in grape biotechnology from recently reported research activities.
The study of key control points in ripening is essential to improve grape wine quality. Molecular basis of ripening is still far from being understood from the Pierce's disease (PD)-tolerant grapes predominantly grown in the southeastern United States. To identify proteins expressed during Blanc du Bois grape berry green and ripening stages, proteome analysis from five different stages revealed 1091, 1131, 1078, 1042, and 1066 proteins. Differential expression analysis revealed 551 common proteins across different stages of maturity that are involved in various biochemical and metabolic pathways. The proteins identified were associated with phenylpropanoids, isoquinoline alkaloids, fatty acids, unsaturated fatty acids, and furanones. Our data provide the first step to understand the complex biochemical changes during ripening of PD-tolerant American hybrid grapes that are popular for their aroma and flavor profile in the southeastern United States. Proteomics data are deposited to the ProteomeXchange PXD004157.
The leaves and flowers of Hibiscus sabdariffa are known to have many pharmacological properties. Hibiscus sabdariffa leaf extracts (HLE) have been documented to have anti‐cancer activities in different cancer cell lines. HLE has been shown to inhibit cell proliferation, migration, and metastasis in human prostate cancer cells suggesting that this flow may be a source for anti‐androgenic compounds. However, the anti‐androgen effect has not been examined in the calyx. The objective of this study was to obtain a unique bioactive fraction from the calyx of H. sabdariffa and to demonstrate its ability to inhibit prostate cancer cell growth. To accomplish our objective, we generated an aqueous and a methanol extraction of the calyces of the H. sabdariffa. The extracts were then examined by HPLC chromatography and for anti‐proliferative activity using the LNCaP cancer cells. Extraction of 22g of the calyces for 48hrs at room temperature resulted in 5.56mg and 2.75mg of analyte in aqueous and methanol extraction respectively. We obtained high yields of extracts (253mg per kg of dry weight) using water as compared to methanol as the solvent. An HPLC chromatogram profile of each extract was generated to characterize the number of respective chemicals present in the analytes. Analysis of the methanol extract revealed the presence of at least two distinct peaks with a retention times of 3.12min and 3.27min. We observed that the aqueous extract resulted only in a single peak with a retention time of 3.02min. Next, we examined the ability of both extracts to inhibit the growth of LNCaP‐GFP cancer cell line. Treatment of these cells for 1–5 days resulted in dose and time dependent inhibition of cell growth. We found that the methanol extract was capable of inducing cytotoxicity in 24hrs as compared to aqueous extracts which induced cytotoxicity after 72hrs. Our results demonstrated that both methanol and aqueous extracts of H. sabdariffa contained growth inhibitory compounds.Support or Funding InformationNIH R15AT006821(WG) and USDA/NIFA 2012‐38821‐20092.
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