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Republic, CZ-165 02 Prague, Czech Republic (B.P., J.M.)The plant hormones cytokinins (CKs) regulate multiple developmental and physiological processes in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Responses to CKs vary in different organs and tissues (e.g. the response to CKs has been shown to be opposite in shoot and root samples). However, the tissue-specific targets of CKs and the mechanisms underlying such specificity remain largely unclear. Here, we show that the Arabidopsis proteome responds with strong tissue and time specificity to the aromatic CK 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) and that fast posttranscriptional and/or posttranslational regulation of protein abundance is involved in the contrasting shoot and root proteome responses to BAP. We demonstrate that BAP predominantly regulates proteins involved in carbohydrate and energy metabolism in the shoot as well as protein synthesis and destination in the root. Furthermore, we found that BAP treatment affects endogenous hormonal homeostasis, again with strong tissue specificity. In the shoot, BAP up-regulates the abundance of proteins involved in abscisic acid (ABA) biosynthesis and the ABA response, whereas in the root, BAP rapidly and strongly up-regulates the majority of proteins in the ethylene biosynthetic pathway. This was further corroborated by direct measurements of hormone metabolites, showing that BAP increases ABA levels in the shoot and 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid, the rate-limiting precursor of ethylene biosynthesis, in the root. In support of the physiological importance of these findings, we identified the role of proteins mediating BAP-induced ethylene production, METHIONINE SYNTHASE1 and ACC OXIDASE2, in the early root growth response to BAP.

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Observation of trends in physical education plays an integral role in motor-development diagnostics and in encouraging physical activity and a healthy lifestyle. This study aims to elucidate the current state of and trends in pupils' assessments of physical education lessons (PELs) in different education systems in the context of self-perception of physical fitness. The research was conducted during PELs taught by student teachers at primary schools and high schools in the Czech Republic and in Poland. Schools were selected annually between 2000 and 2011 according to the

This study assessed the physical activity (PA) levels and its variability across days, months and seasons of two groups of high school pupils: those who did and those who did not participate in regular organized after-school physical activity (ASPA). Thirteen pupils wore pedometers continuously for one school-year, logged their step counts into record sheets and were then interviewed for information as regards their participation in any ASPA. Repeated measures analysis of variance showed that regardless of the day, month and season, ASPA pupils achieved significantly more mean step counts/day than the non-ASPA pupils. There were no significant fluctuations across months and seasons in PA levels of ASPA pupils when compared to non-ASPA pupils. We conclude that regular organised ASPA might increase the pupils’ total PA levels; and could help to maintain a relatively constant PA level for adolescents across the whole school-year regardless of the influences of a range of weather and meteorological indicators that are related to months/seasons.

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