Adipose tissue seems to be a rich and safe source of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). The present study was aimed to investigate the biological and morphological characteristics of human adipose tissue-derived stem cells (ATSCs). Light and transmission electron microscopy were used. Course of proliferation was analyzed by growth curve. Expression of surface antigens was assessed by flow cytometry. Chondrogenic potential was assessed by immunohistochemistry. Obtained results showed morphology typical of fibroblastoid cells. TEM analysis proved ultrastructural morphology similar to MSCs from other sources. ATSCs reflected their proteosynthetic and metabolic activity. Each cell had irregular shape of nucleus with noticeable nucleoli. Abundant cisterns of rough endoplasmic reticulum were present in their cytoplasm. Karyotype mapping showed normal count of human chromosomes (46,XX). The growth curve revealed high capability for proliferation and population doubling time was 27.36 hours. ATSCs were positive for CD13, CD29, CD44, CD73, CD90, CD105 and CD106, but did not express CD14, CD34, CD45 and HLA-DR. It was also proved that ATSCs underwent chondrogenic differentiation in vitro. On the basis of obtained results it should be emphasized that ATSCs are typical MSCs and after further investigations they may be used in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.
Damage of articular cartilage due to congenital anomaly, injury or pathological process may lead in decreasing of life quality of affected patients. In many cases, conventional therapeutical approaches may not bring expected results. Tissue engineering by the combination of material technology and cell-based therapy may represent hope for these patients. The main goal of this review article is to summarize current knowledge about biological characteristics of somatic stem cells, chondro-inductive substances and materials in respect to regeneration of articular cartilage.
Abstract-In this study we performed comprehensive biological and morphological analysis of dermis-derived stem cells and compared them with bone marrow-and adipose tissue-derived stem cells. According to obtained results we can emphasize that analyzed somatic stem cells shared morphological features, expression of surface antigens as well as growth kinetics, but differ in chondrogenic potential. Skin-derived stem cells have an inferior potential for chondrogenic differentiation. So this fact decreases their potential for cartilage tissue engineering.Index Terms-Biological characteristics, chondrogenic differentiation, morphology, somatic stem cells. I. INTRODUCTIONDamaged or lost articular cartilage as a consequence of inborn anomaly, pathological process or trauma leads to progressive debilitation, which has major impact on the life quality of the affected individuals in all age groups. It is difficult to treat these patients, because mature articular cartilage has a limited self-repairing potential [1]. Small defects are regenerated by migration of chondrocytes, while full-thickness damages are healed by formation of inferior fibrocartilage [2]. However, in many cases osteoarthritis is developed and surgical intervention is often the only option. Unfortunately, current treatment techniques for cartilage reparation are insufficient and it is not possible to obtain expected results.Recently, somatic stem cells / mesenchymal stem cellsMSCs represent big hope in this respect. Stem cells are found in all tissues of higher multicellular organisms during all stages of ontogenesis. They are primitive undifferentiated cells with the unique ability of long term self-renewing. Another important feature of MSCs is their plasticity -the potential for terminal differentiation into other cell types. Therefore, they play an important role in the embryonic Manuscript received May 10, 2013; revised July 16, 2013 development, replacing worn out cells and regeneration of damaged tissues [3].MSCs are adherent and have a fibroblast-like morphology. They are also able to produce colony forming units-fibroblast (CFU-F) when cultured in vitro. They are positive for a variety of surface markers, including CD29, CD44, CD56, CD73, CD90, CD105, CD166, CD271, STRO-1 and Sca-1. On the contrary, they are negative for CD31, CD34, CD45 and HLA-DR [4]. More recently, it was shown that MSCs express markers which are typical for embryonic stem cells, including OCT4, Nanog and Sox2. These findings provide clarification of their undifferentiated state [5].Bone marrow was the first source of MSCs but in respect to clinical application it has several disadvantages, including invasive and painful sampling procedure and the decline in MSCs number and differentiation potential with increasing age of donor [6]. For that reason, alternative sources of MSCs are subject to intensive investigation. In that context, attention turns to adipose tissue which is abundant in human body and represents reliable and relatively safe source of MSCs (one gram of adipose...
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