Haber, and Bohm and Niclassen16 could detect no crystalline structure in the freshly precipitated zirconium hydroxide nor in the hydroxide which had been precipitated and dried below 400°. No x-ray analyses of the aged sol have been reported, although Weiser17 points out that aged sols usually assume micro-crystalline form while the corresponding hydrous oxides when first prepared are entirely amorphous.The authors are indebted to Dr. C. Harvey Sorum and Dr. Fred Hazel for numerous suggestions during this investigation, and to Dr. Hazel also for valuable assistance in making the Ph determinations. Summary 1. Zirconium oxide hydrosols have been prepared and heated to temperatures up to 275°.2. Measurements have been made on their relative viscosity, flocculation value, Ph and intensity of scattered light.3. High temperature was found to produce a decrease in viscosity, flocculation value and Ph, and an increase in the intensity of scattered light.4. The data presented indicate that the sols heated to higher temperatures are less hydrated than those heated to lower temperatures.
Background and Objectives: Schools of medicine in the United States may overstate the placement of their graduates in primary care. The purpose of this project was to determine the magnitude by which primary care output is overestimated by commonly used metrics and identify a more accurate method for predicting actual primary care output.
Methods: We used a retrospective cohort study with a convenience sample of graduates from US medical schools granting the MD degree. We determined the actual practicing specialty of those graduates considered primary care based on the Residency Match Method by using a variety of online sources. Analyses compared the percentage of graduates actually practicing primary care between the Residency Match Method and the Intent to Practice Primary Care Method.
Results: The final study population included 17,509 graduates from 20 campuses across 14 university systems widely distributed across the United States and widely varying in published ranking for producing primary care graduates. The commonly used Residency Match Method predicted a 41.2% primary care output rate. The actual primary care output rate was 22.3%. The proposed new method, the Intent to Practice Primary Care Method, predicted a 17.1% primary care output rate, which was closer to the actual primary care rate.
Conclusions: A valid, reliable method of predicting primary care output is essential for workforce training and planning. Medical schools, administrators, policy makers, and popular press should adopt this new, more reliable primary care reporting method.
This program has positively influenced students' perceptions of rural practice and lifestyle and increased their interest in rural practice. Participants entered primary care and family medicine residencies at higher rates than nonparticipants, and nearly half started their medical practices in rural locations. Replicating this program may increase interest in rural medicine and address rural physician workforce needs.
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