This study evaluated the effects of four factors (breed, parity, month of lactation and feeding ration) on the total explained variation (R 2 ) determining composition of nutritionally important fatty acids. Individual milk samples were collected four times over an entire year (March, June, September, and December, respectively) on a conventional farm from two breeds: Czech Fleckvieh (dual-purpose, local) and Holstein (dairy, worldwide). In total, 145 samples (36; 38; 35 and 36, respectively) were analysed. Within the R 2 , feeding ration and month of lactation were the main factors affecting milk fatty acids composition, whereas breed and parity showed a low effect. A high percentage of the R 2 was observed in rumenic acid (52 %), for example, whereas a low percentage was observed in both palmitic acid (30 %) and oleic acid (30 %). This may be due to intra-breed variability affected by different genetic predisposition of each cows, their performance or individual response to changes in feeding ration.
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to evaluate food fraud detection in the Czech food retail market based on the findings of the Czech Agricultural and Food Inspection Authority (CAFIA).
Design/methodology/approach
The outcomes of administrative proceedings from 2009 and 2013 were used. Data were collected from e-databases of the CAFIA and sorted by the current valid qualification for food fraud following Article 16, Regulation (EC) No. 178/2002 of the European Parliament and of the Council.
Findings
Food fraud was detected, almost to the same extent, in both selected years by laboratory testing as well as on the basis of “on the spot” controls in retail establishments. The meat products were a food group with the most fraudulent tendency in both selected years.
Originality/value
This paper contributes to the overview of food fraud and could help to detect ways of food deception for the competent authorities and consumers.
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