Cronobacter spp. are opportunistic pathogens associated with serious infections in neonates. The increased stress tolerance, including thermoresistance, of some Cronobacter strains can promote their survival in production facilities and thus raise the possibility of contamination of dried infant milk formula, which has been identified as a potential source of infection. In this study, we characterized a DNA region which is present in some Cronobacter strains and which contributes to their prolonged survival at 58°C. The 18 kbp long region containing 22 open reading frames was sequenced in Cronobacter sakazakii ATCC 29544. The major feature of the region contained a cluster of conserved genes, most of them having significant homologies with bacterial proteins involved in some type of stress response, including heat, oxidation and acid stress. The same thermoresistance DNA region was detected in strains belonging to the genera Cronobacter, Enterobacter, Citrobacter and Escherichia and its presence positively correlated with increased thermotolerance.
Objective: To determine the incidence of nosocomial and early surgical site infection (eSSI) in 1200 patients.Methods: 1200/8000 subjects who had elective or emergency surgery during a five month follow up in 2007 at Roosevelt Hospital, a third level reference and University Hospital in Guatemala were followed. Demographic, surgical procedure, antibiotic use surgical time and surgeon skill were collected. Patients were clinically evaluated at 24, 48, 72 and 120 hours after surgical intervention and complementary blood work up was performed following CDC guidelines to detect signs and symptoms of hospital acquired infections. The CDC (1982 and 1992) definitions for Nosocomial infections were applied. Gynaecological, paediatrics drainage of abscesses and immunocompromised patients were excluded. A data base in Excel was used and a descriptive analysis was done.Results: 49/1200 (4.1%) patients showed clinical findings of infection, 77.6% SSI, 12.2% UTI and 10.2% catheter related infections. 319/1200 (5.3%) SSI in clean contaminated procedures was determined. Orthopaedic surgery of the low limbs showed the highest rate of infection (31/49). Factors such as length of surgery; less or more than one hour and surgeon experience were statistically significant for nosocomial Infection. (p < 0.005).Conclusion: A general incidence of 4.1% nosocomial infections, 77.6% early surgical site infection in clean and clean contaminated procedures were showed. The incidence of NI and eSSI is higher then in developed countries. Interventions to reduce the risk are urgently needed and strongly recommended
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