Some plants use electrophilic metabolites as a defence against biological enemies. Some of them may react with DNA. We devised a new model to test this hypothesis. Plant tissue was homogenised. After incubation of the homogenate at 37°C for varying periods, the plant DNA was analysed for the presence of adducts using the (32)P-postlabelling technique. Adducts were detected with all Brassicales studied. Broccoli was investigated in detail. Adducts were absent in DNA isolated immediately after homogenisation of the plant. Subsequently, five characteristic adduct spots were formed in the homogenate, the maximum being reached after nearly 4 h. Adduct formation was low when broccoli was steamed before homogenisation, but was re-established when myrosinase was added to the homogenate, indicating that the active constituents were glucosinolates. Broccoli juice was mutagenic to Salmonella typhimurium, forming the same adduct spots in these target cells as in plant homogenate, but the relative intensity of the individual spots varied between both models. The patterns of adduct spots formed in homogenates of 15 other Brassicales species and tissues were similar to those detected with broccoli florets heads. However, the relative intensities of the spots varied. Sporadically, some spots were missing or additional spots appeared. These results, therefore, suggest that several different glucosinolates contribute to the adduct formation.

Children and adolescents currently grow up in a technology- and media-rich society with computers, tablets, smartphones, etc. used daily. Thus, interventions applying electronic media to prevent childhood obesity are contemporary. Available studies applying electronic media are however heterogeneous in terms of applied medium and duration. Positive effects on body composition were not observed, but only on certain lifestyle-relevant behaviours. In addition, these effects could only be seen in the short term. Follow-up data are currently scarce.

Background Multidisciplinary management of obesity by primary care paediatricians, providing a promising approach to tackle childhood obesity includes cooperation with other health care professionals. However, facilitators for and barriers to multidisciplinary cooperation in ambulatory care are not yet well understood and are investigated in the present study. Methods A nationwide, cross-sectional survey of 83% of German primary care paediatricians was conducted, using a questionnaire based on qualitative expert interviews. Frequency of paediatricians’ cooperation with external partners (i.e. nutrition counsellors; sports groups; interdisciplinary obesity centres; inpatient rehabilitation centres; and endocrinologists) was assessed. Individual and structural factors were associated with cooperation patterns. Missing values were addressed using multiple imputation. Results Out of the 6081 primary care paediatricians approached, 2024 (33.3%) responded. Almost half of the respondents (40.8%) stated that they disengaged in the field of obesity prevention due to perceived inefficacy. Lack of financial reimbursement for consultation was agreed on by most of the respondents (90.4%). Identified barriers to cooperation included: higher proportion of patients with migration background, lack of time and available services. A more comprehensive conception of the professional role regarding overweight prevention, higher age, female gender, higher proportion of overweight/obese patients and practice location in urban or socially strained areas surfaced as facilitators for cooperation. Conclusion Low-perceived self-efficacy in obesity management and insufficient financial reimbursement for consultation are commonly stated among German paediatricians. For cooperation behaviour, however, other individual and structural factors seem to be relevant, which provide indications on how multidisciplinary childhood obesity management can be improved.

BackgroundChild and adolescent overweight and obesity have increased globally, and are associated with significant short and long term health consequences. ObjectivesTo assess the effects of surgical interventions for treating obesity in childhood and adolescence. Search methodsWe searched the Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, PubMed, EMBASE as well as LILACS, ICTRP Search Portal and ClinicalTrials.gov (all from database inception to March 2015). References of identified studies and systematic reviews were checked. No language restrictions were applied. Selection criteriaWe selected randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of surgical interventions for treating obesity in children and adolescents (age < 18 years) with a minimum of six months follow-up. Interventions that specifically dealt with the treatment of eating disorders or type 2 diabetes, or included participants with a secondary or syndromic cause of obesity were excluded. Pregnant females were also excluded. Data collection and analysisTwo review authors independently assessed risk of bias and extracted data. Where necessary authors were contacted for additional information.1 Surgery for the treatment of obesity in children and adolescents (Review)

Zusammenfassung Ziel der Studie war, die Auswirkungen der COVID-19-Pandemie auf das Bewegungs- und Ernährungsverhalten von Kindern und Jugendlichen mit Adipositas zu untersuchen. Im Rahmen der Adipositas-Ambulanz im SPZ der Charité -Universitätsmedizin Berlin wurden Familien von November 2020 bis Juli 2021 mit standardisierten Fragebögen befragt. Die Fragebögen für ein Elternteil und die Kinder und Jugendlichen mit Adipositas enthielten skalierte und offene Fragen zum Bewegungs- und Ernährungsverhalten während der COVID-19-Pandemie. Ergebnisse Der mittlere BMI-SDS der Gesamtkohorte (n=278, Altersmedian 13,8 Jahre) lag zum Zeitpunkt der Befragung bei+2,73. Der Vergleich vor und während der Pandemie ergab eine leichte Steigerung des mittleren BMI-SDS von+2,66 auf+2,73. Im Rahmen der pandemiebedingt veränderten Alltagssituation berichteten ein Viertel der Eltern über mehr gemeinsame Mahlzeiten und mehr Gerichte mit frischen Zutaten, 43% der Eltern verwendeten weniger Fertiggerichte. Über 50% der Kinder und Jugendlichen mit Adipositas waren seltener draußen gewesen und über 60% der Kinder und Jugendlichen waren seltener sportlich aktiv. Zudem war eine starke Zunahme des Medienkonsums festzustellen: Über 60% der Kinder und Jugendlichen gaben an, mehr Zeit am Handy, Laptop, Tablet, Computer, Fernseher oder an der Spielkonsole verbracht zu haben. Schlussfolgerung Die pandemiebedingten Einschränkungen (Kontaktbeschränkungen, Home-Schooling) wirken sich offensichtlich erheblich auf das Ernährungs- und Bewegungsverhalten sowie den Medienkonsum von Kindern und Jugendlichen mit Adipositas aus.

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The use of obesity therapy goes far beyond a weight reduction, which is why other parameters should be regularly recorded as therapeutic targets. Thus the improvement of comorbidities, the quality of life as well as the movement and nutritional behavior for a long-term healthy lifestyle are at least as important and reduce the risk of regain after initial weight reduction.