Large scale experiments have been conducted in the LARGE WAVE CHANNEL of the Forschungszentrum Küste (Coastal Research Centre) in Hannover to investigate the loads acting on a slender circular cylinder attacked by a breaking wave. The wave kinematics, the impact and the cylinder's response were measured simultaneously. For the load measurement two independent methods were used. On the one side pressures were measured and on the other side forces were determined at the bearings. Analysing the data a theoretical description for the two-dimensional impact is confirmed and peak values for the three-dimensional impact are obtained. It is shown that the commonly used calculation method for the impact force fails because the duration of impact is overestimated.
Based on large scale experiments theoretical formulae for the load due to breaking wave impact on slender piles have been developed. The load distribution in time and space is given by the proposed theoretical 3D-impact model. The formulae are applied to calculate the impact force on a support tower of a wind turbine subjected to breaking wave. The bending moment at the base of the support tower can also be determined.
Large-scale experiments of breaking wave attack on slender cylinders were performed in the LARGE WAVE CHANNEL at the Coastal Research Centre in Hannover, Germany. Using large-scale physical models the influence of scale effects on the real physical mechanisms can be widely minimized. Very steep waves (similar to "freak waves") were generated to investigate extreme breaking wave impacts.
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