Ensuring proper indoor environment quality in buildings with historic value or buildings located in historic centres of cities is not an easy task. These buildings are frequently listed in historic preservation lists; thus, the amount of possible refurbishment methods is significantly limited due to increased protection. This article deals with comprehensive analysis of internal microclimate of a multi-purpose building located in the historic centre of Prague during summer period. Possible refurbishment methods permitted by the National Heritage Institute are analysed and compared using building energy performance simulation tool BSim in order to achieve proper working conditions in offices in the building. Structural and technical modifications are proposed in order to optimize the amount of solar heat gains leading to reduction of overheating and increase of energy efficiency. Furthermore, two global warming projections from the Fourth Assessment Report of Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change are applied to the current weather data to examine the impact of the global climate change on the building. As expected, the cooling demand increases with the climate change scenarios presenting more difficult challenges to maintain the indoor environment quality within the limitations given by the legislation.
The article deals with risks of subsoil freezing which lead to volumetric changes of frozen water contained in the soil. These changes can cause damage of foundations of building objects. The issue was solved by steady-state and transient 1D and 2D numerical simulations of heat conduction in the floor and subsoil under a freezer room. These simulations were performed in software CalA. Several possibilities of operating conditions of the freezer room were examined within different boundary conditions. Impact of different simulation setups on subsoil temperature fields was observed. Use of exhaust heat from condenser of a freezing system is suitable method for thermal activation of the floor structure. This solution eliminates risks of subsoil freezing more economically than commonly used electrical heating cables.
For nearly Zero Energy Buildings, it is a challenge to optimize the heat supply of the building based on technologies like heat pumps. Within the project “energy4buildings” a test bench has been realized to create an interface between hardware, located in a laboratory, and a building simulation software. This integrated test bench with a focus on electrical driven heat pumps and chillers can be used to simulate realistic conditions like part load behavior, stand-by-losses, on/off behavior or user-/weather conditions by using different kind of building models. The requirements of the test rig have been realized by using a hardware-in-the loop (HIL) method, which allows real-time tests of embedded devices within a virtual environment under reproducible laboratory conditions. By using the HIL-method, early statements according performance with a reduction of costs under realistic conditions can be made for various devices. This paper describes the implementation of the HIL-interface consisting of hardware, simulation software and data acquisition including an optimization of the behaviour of the control system as well as HIL experiments at varying steady state conditions like temperature tolerance or holding time. Based on the tests both, a comparison of the performance and analyses of deviations between real and simulated value have been made, to make an accurate statement of the behaviour of the system. The knowledge gained in this paper indicates a potential for optimization of the control strategy of some components as well as the improvement of the communication process to make an early estimation regarding performance of the installed device.
Indoor environment has huge influence on person's health and overall comfort. It is of great importance that we realize how essential indoor air quality is, considering we spend on average as much as 90% of our time indoors. There are many factors that affect indoor air quality: specifically, inside air temperature, relative humidity, and odors to name the most important factors. One of the key factors indicating indoor air quality is carbon dioxide (CO2) level. The CO2 levels, measured in prefab apartment buildings, indicates substantial indoor air quality issues. Therefore, a proper education of the occupants is of utmost importance. Also, great care should be directed towards technical and technological solutions that would ensure meeting the normative indoor environment criteria, especially indoor air CO2 levels. Thanks to the implementation of new emerging autonomous technologies, such as Internet of Things (IoT), monitoring in real-time is enhanced. An area where IoT plays a major role is in the monitoring of indoor environment. IoT technology (e.g. smart meters and sensors) provide awareness of information about the quality of indoor environment. There is a huge potential for influencing behaviour of the users. Through the web application, it is possible to educate people and ensure fresh air supply.
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