Despite theoretical arguments suggesting the strong effects of presidential term limits and re-election on democracy, there is surprisingly little empirical evidence to evaluate them. We test both the effect on democracy of the existence of a consecutive re-election rule and of reforms introducing it for incumbent presidents. Using evidence from Latin American countries between 1945 and 2018, we test their relationship to both vertical and horizontal accountability. A synthetic control method is employed to account for the effect of term-limit reforms, and time-series cross-section models for modelling the association with the re-election rule. Both vertical and horizontal accountability as well as the quality of democracy are eroded by term-limit evasion reforms in most countries and strengthened in none between 1990 and 2018. Allowing presidents to run for re-election – relative to term-limited ones – is consistently associated with weak democratic outcomes.
Různé přístupy k měření sociálních tříd -odlišné výsledky třídně podmíněného volebního chování? Případ Kolumbie Abstract: Class based electoral behaviour belongs to topics that have been subject of research for many decades; especially in developed Western countries. The class structure is a basis for class voting research. The EGP scheme is a most widespread model of social structure. This scheme is based on the employment structure; some authors prefer other models based for example. On the number of assets of each household or on the household income. This paper attempts to test different stratification models using the Colombia example to see whether class voting results will differ significantly or whether certain matches will be found.
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