Abstract. This paper is about the analysis of effects of status inconsistency and mobility on a dependent variable. We compare the mainstream square additive baseline model to alternative designs by Hope (1971Hope ( , 1975 and Sobel (1981Sobel ( , 1985. Both writers claim that the square additive baseline model also contains some status inconsistency effects. An examination of the relationships between the square additive model, Hope's halfway/difference model, and Sobel's simple diagonal reference model shows that the effects uncovered by Sobel and Hope pertain to the inequality of the effects of the status variables on the dependent variable. These salience difference effects are therefore distinct from the non-additive status inconsistency effects which would be detected using the square additive approach. Less restricted versions of the diagonal reference model, the DM-1 and DM-2 models as well as a recent model by Weakliem (1992), are also examined with regard to additive/non-additive components and symmetry of effects.
Background. There are conflicting findings on the influence of gender on responding to partner abuse. Objectives. We aimed to explore gender differences in family doctors' views, attitudes, experiences and practices regarding intimate partner abuse against women.Methods. We used the focus-group method with a stratified, randomized sample of family physicians. Three male and three female groups took part. Two independent researchers analysed the transcripts of the discussions.Results. There were differences between male and female groups in discussing partner abuse, although similarities were also noted. Major contrasts in opinions were seen in (i) the role of sexuality: part of the male family doctors stated that denial of sexual relationships by a spouse was a contributing and eliciting factor to male aggression, whereas female doctors emphasized unanimously the humiliation of sexual coercion and the danger of opposing. (ii) Children as witnesses: this issue was discussed in female groups only, (iii) female doctors talked about emotional involvement with patients and male doctors about keeping distance, (iv) female doctors viewed leaving an abusive partner as a process whilst male doctors saw no progress, (v) experiences with abused patients: female doctors remembered more actual cases and (vi) practices in managing partner abuse differed between men and women.Conclusion. These remarkable gender-related differences among doctors might affect care for abused women. Doctors should be aware of gender-related views, attitudes and practices that can be harmful to their patients.
A considerable share of free time is spent in the social context of the household. The social character of living together affects the times of day at which activities take place. Time use research in households provides an opportunity to study the extent of household members 9 conducting the same activities at particular times of the day. A multilevel analysis of data on television use shows to what extent individual television viewing is influenced by the temporal organization of daily life in the household.
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