No abstract
In Britain, the second half of the nineteenth century has long been associated with the emergence of mass markets and mass consumption. From traditionalist perspectives, growth in demand was fuelled by demographic growth and rising real wages, whilst increasingly efficient production and transport systems eased the supply of goods-making them cheaper and far more readily available. Working people could afford to indulge themselves and mark their growing respectability as never before, and the middle classes redefined their consumption practices to distance themselves from their social inferiors. 1 Retailing systems both responded to and helped to drive forward these changes. Indeed, retail historians in the 1950s and 1960s identified what they saw as a retail revolution taking place in the later nineteenth century. 2 This comprised a range of new retail formats and practices, with multiples and department stores pioneering the use of advertising, fixed prices, ticketing and cash sales, window displays, and so on. More recently, there have been attempts to uncouple retail revolution from ideas of mass retailing and mass consumption. In the 1980s, McKendrick saw the birth of a consumer society in eighteenth-century Britain and thus challenged the direction of causality linking consumer and industrial growth. More recently, a number of retail historians have highlighted the spread of 'modern' retail techniques in the eighteenth century and earlier. 3 Retail revolution is now placed anywhere from the earlymodern period onwards. What is missing in many of these studies, however, is a consideration of how shops functioned and interrelated (with other urban activities) in spatial terms. Recent work by 2 Cox, Walsh and Stobart has begun to uncover some of the complexities of shops and shopping in the long eighteenth century. 4 However, there has been little attempt to consider how provincial shopping streets, shops and the practices of shopping changed over the longue durée. That is the purpose of this paper: to explore the changing landscape of shopping in English provincial towns from around 1650 to 1850. Taking such a broad perspective inevitably means losing some detail, but it brings real advantages, most notably in terms of assessing key continuities and changes in the spaces and practices of shopping. Shops and streets in early modern market towns Shops were a common feature of medieval towns, but they grew significantly in number through the early modern period. A typical market town might contain a group of craftsmenretailers (shoemakers, tailors and the like), together with a few mercers and drapers, perhaps with a grocer or ironmonger as well. The streets of larger towns were crowded with a growing number of shops. In the late sixteenth century, Norwich already had 111 tailors, 60 grocers, 51 shoemakers, 36 butchers, 23 bakers, 18 mercers and drapers, 13 barbers, 10 haberdashers, 8 cutlers, 7 apothecaries, 5 fishmongers, 4 goldsmiths, 3 stationers and 2 ironmongers together serving a population of perhaps 12,0...
In recent decades several historians have argued that the emergence of shopping as a leisure activity in the second half of the nineteenth century substantially enhanced women's freedom of movement in public spaces and promoted female emancipation in general. Based on urban descriptions and digitised newspaper articles on nineteenth-century Amsterdam -on its main shopping street, the Kalverstraat, in particular -this article takes a more nuanced stance. Shopping as a leisure activity was older in origin than is often assumed and to some extent was a male activity as well. While shopping, ladies encountered numerous factors that hampered their spatial mobility, from road debris, pawing, mugging, the presence of prostitutes to 'moral harassment' over exploited shop girls. Indeed, a single feminist framed the right to shop and to visit restaurants in an explicit discourse of 'liberation'. However, to argue that shopping promoted female emancipation in general would suggest a too linear and monolithic approach.In de afgelopen decennia hebben diverse historici betoogd dat de opkomst van het winkelen als vrijetijdsbesteding in de tweede helft van de negentiende eeuw de uithuizige bewegingsvrijheid van vrouwen uit de gegoede standen aanzienlijk heeft vergroot en hun emancipatie zo belangrijk heeft bevorderd. Op basis van stadsbeschrijvingen en gedigitaliseerde krantenartikelen over winkelen in Amsterdam -in de Kalverstraat in het bijzonder -neemt dit artikel enig gas terug. Het winkelen als vrijetijdsbesteding had een oudere oorsprong dan vaak is verondersteld en was tot op zekere hoogte ook een mannenzaak. Winkelende dames werden op verschillende manieren in hun ruimtelijke bewegingsvrijheid belemmerd: door straatvuil, handtastelijkheden, straatroof, de aanwezigheid van prostituees of 'morele kwellingen' over uitgebuite winkelmeisjes. Zeker, een enkele feministe presenteerde het recht om ongestoord te winkelen en daarbij
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ABSTRACT:In nineteenth-century The Hague, the French opera performances in the Royal Theatre were the most important occasions during the winter season at which men and women from almost all social ranks experienced a strong sense of social cohesion in a common leisure pursuit, albeit one in which social hierarchies were clearly demarcated. This article analyses the changing social composition of the opera audience through analysis of subscription and admission records, and evaluates the changing composition of the audience in relation to changes in taste, theatre architecture and policy. Although it was almost impossible to exploit financially and was also a constant object of political, musical and moral criticism, the French opera succeeded in maintaining its central position in The Hague's musical and social life throughout the nineteenth century.
Giving a detailed account of the social history of The Hague's most prominent sites of civilised leisure-the gentlemen's clubs, the zoo, the Royal Theatre and the seaside resort of Scheveningen-Plaatsen van beschaafd vertier demonstrates how the constant struggle for social in-and exclusion structured the daily lives of upper and middle class men and women in The Hague in the nineteenth century. In response to Bart Van de Putte, Jan Hein Furnée argues that extensive quantitative analyses of 'class' and 'social class' show that objective class stratifications based on wealth and/or occupation are important tools, but at most semi-finished products for historical research. Furnée fully agrees with Henk de Smaele's objection that his study would have benefitted from a more in-depth reflection on the ways in which shifting patterns in women's freedom of movement in urban spaces were related to their political and economic emancipation. In response to Dirk Jan Wolffram, Furnée repeats some examples given in his book that show how political practices in places of leisure impacted upon local and national politics, even though this did not directly contribute to a linear process of increasing political participation and representation. Aan de hand van een gedetailleerde analyse van de sociale geschiedenis van herenen burgersociëteiten, de dierentuin, de Koninklijke Schouwburg en badplaats Scheveningen demonstreert Plaatsen van beschaafd vertier hoe de constante strijd om sociale in-en uitsluiting het dagelijks leven van mannen en vrouwen uit de hogere en middenstanden in negentiende-eeuws Den Haag beheerste. In reactie op Bart Van de Putte betoogt Jan Hein Furnée dat grondige kwantitatieve analyses
Aller au théâtre. Réglementation et ségrégation spatiales autour des salles de spectacles : Amsterdam et La Haye, 1750-1900 Cet article, en explorant les pratiques socio-spatiales d’« aller au théâtre » au senslittéral du terme, analyse l’histoire de la réglementation de la circulation autour des principaux théâtres d’Amsterdam et de La Haye dans la période 1750-1900. L’article démontre qu’au fur et à mesure que les théâtres urbains devenaient plus accessibles, la réglementation de la circulation aux alentours de ces lieux publics visait non seulement à réduire la congestion et à éviter des incidents, mais aussi facilitait clairement et restructurait, par des moyens visuels et spatiaux, la mise en scène de hiérarchies sociopolitiques.
Since the seventeenth century, visiting cities for pleasure transformed from a predominant male elite pastime to a middle-class family activity, and finally a mass phenomenon accessible to men and women of all classes and generations. Drawing examples from a selection of European and American cities, this chapter demonstrates that motivations and experiences of urban tourists, despite evident differences and changes, also show some remarkable continuities. Not only with regard to their very first impressions of unfamiliar cities and their elementary strategies of navigating and sightseeing, but also in their enduring quest to search for spiritual enrichment through personal encounters with religion, art and history; their search for shared pleasures and exotic otherness in urban entertainment; their fascination for transgressing ethnic, class, gender, sexual, and other boundaries; as well as in their perennial hunt for souvenirs.
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