Gut health is the starting place for maintaining the overall health of an animal. Strategies to maintain gut health are, thus, an important part in achieving the goal of improving animal health. A new strategy to do this involves two molecules: the iron transport protein ovotransferrin (IT) and α-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol succinate (TPGS), which result in the novel formulation of ITPGS. These molecules help reduce gut pathogens, while enhancing the absorption and bioavailability of therapeutic drugs, phytomedicines, and nanomedicines. This, in turn, helps to maintain normal health in animals. Maintaining the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) in its normal condition is key for successful absorption and efficacy of any nutrient. A compromised GIT, due to an imbalance (dysbiosis) in the GIT microbiome, can lead to an impaired GI barrier system with impaired absorption and overall health of the animal. The molecules in ITPGS may address the issue of poor absorption by keeping the GI system healthy by maintaining the normal microbiome and improving the absorption of nutrients through multiple mechanisms involving antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, and antimicrobial activities. The ITPGS technology can allow the dose of active pharmaceutical or herbal medicine to be significantly reduced in order to attain equal or better efficacy. With complimentary actions between IT and TPGS, ITPGS presents a novel approach to increase the bioavailability of drugs, phytoconstituents, nutrients, and nanomedicines by enhanced transport to the tissues at the site of action, while reducing gut pathogen load. The ITPGS approach appears to be a novel strategy for maintaining the health of animals by manipulation of microbiota.
Background The microbiome of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) is a dynamic system, susceptible to a variety of factors including environmental stress and diet. The gut microbiome consists of diverse microbiota that plays an important role in physiological functions. Studies have demonstrated that the most important period for microbial establishment is early life when suckling and weaning. Due to changes in rations, many piglets suffer from enteritis, which may lead to diarrhea, dehydration, and death. Hence, microbiome and healthy gut play important roles in swine production. The effect of nutraceuticals for the development, maintenance, and restoration of the gut microbiome in piglets with diarrhea needs to be explored. Aim To evaluate the effect of ADEPPTTM (a naturally derived polypeptide and polysaccharide complex) for restoration of the gut microbiome in pigs with diarrhea. Methods 28‐day‐old suckling piglets were segregated for solid foods in a pig farm at the University of WI‐River Falls. The pigs were fed corn‐soybean based diet and some piglets had diarrhea within 2 to 3 days. Fecal samples were collected from the piglets (without diarrhea as the control, piglets during and after diarrhea) and stored at −80°C. Electrolytes were given to all and ADEPPT (3g/day) only to diarrhea group for a week. DNA was extracted from feces using the PowerSoil DNA extraction kit and sent to the University of Minnesota Genomic Center. The V4 variable region of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene was amplified and libraries were constructed using a dual index approach1. 16SrRNA libraries were sequenced on a MiSeq V3, targeting 2×300 PE reads. Processing of amplicons was based on in‐house protocols that rely on several open‐source software to remove adaptors and primer sequences, merge PE reads, filter out low quality reads, and count unique Amplicon sequence Variants (ASVs) or unique taxonomic groups that represent the abundance of species and/or strains in each sample. All statistical analyses including alpha and beta diversity, estimation, and indicator species were performed using various packages in the R statistical interface. Results An average of 53,965 ± 9,808 sequence reads per sample were obtained. Differences were found in terms of bacterial community richness and Shannon index diversity between control, diarrhea, and after treatment with ADEPPT. In addition, the microbiomes of the treated group significantly discriminated based on a Bray‐Curtis distance PCoA. Indicator species analyses showed the ASVs or bacterial species/strains that best discriminated among treatment groups. The control samples revealed increased abundance of unclassified Synergistaceae, Bacteroides ovatus, Eubacterium, and Bacteroidales. The diarrhea samples were characterized by increased abundance of unclassified Veilloneaceae, Entreobacteriaceae, Paraprevotellaceae, and Treponema. The ADEPPT‐treated samples demonstrated higher abundance of Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, unclassified Ruminococcus and Ruminococcus gnavus. There is a lower diversity ...
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