SUMMARYThe ethanolic extract of Ficus racemosa Lin. (Moraceae) bark and fruit were tested for its possible antinociceptive activity study on acetic acid induced writhing method in mice. Both the bark and fruit extracts at a dose of 500 mg/kg body weight showed significant antinociceptive activity on the experimental animals. The fruit extract showed most potent inhibition of acetic acid induced writhing in mice (61.38%, P < 0.001) where as the bark extract showed inhibition only 42.6% (P < 0.001) and all the result were statistically significant.
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Pain is an unpleasant sensation that have complex and various causative etiology. Modern drug discovery focuses on identifying potential molecules that target multiple pathways with safer profile compared to those with a single
target. Current treatment of pain and inflammation with the available therapeutics has a number of major side effects. Pain
is one of the major clinical problems that needs functional therapeutics which act on multiple targets and with low toxicity. Curcumin, a naturally occurring polyphenolic compound from Curcuma longa, has been used for years in Ayurvedic,
Chinese, and in many other systems of traditional medicine. Pre-clinical data published thus far, demonstrated that curcumin possesses multi-target biological functions, suggesting its potential use to cure different diseases. However, there is
no or little systematic review on its potential use in pain and inflammation with underlying mechanisms for such activities. Accordingly, the aim of the current review was to update the pre-clinical data of curcumin and its multiple targeting
pathways for analgesic and anti-inflammatory action, and to further propose a molecular mechanism. Literature study was
conducted using different known databases including Pubmed, Sci-finder, Google scholar, and Science Direct. Available
pre-clinical data suggest the ameliorating effect of curcumin in pain and inflammation is rendered through the modulation
of a of pain pathways including inhibition of a number of pro-inflammatory mediators, inhibition of oxidative stress and
Cox-2, down-regulation of Ca2+/calmodulin-depend protein kinase II (CaMKIIα) and calcium channels like transient receptor potential (TRP), modulation of metabotropic glutamate receptor-2 (mGlu2), modulation of monoamine system, inhibition of JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway, remodeling of extracellular matrix proteins, inhibition of apoptosis, inhibition of JNK/MAPK and ERK/CREB signaling pathway, and activation of opioid system. Taken all together, it is evident
that curcumin is one of the promising safe natural polyphenolic molecules that target multiple molecular pathways in pain,
and can be beneficial in the treatment and management of pain and inflammation.
Background
Mushrooms have been recognized both as medicine and nutritional food in many countries for thousands of years, owing to the presence of significant amounts of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, fibers, and antioxidants. This study aims at evaluating the nutritional contents and antioxidant potentials of seven types of mushrooms cultivated in Bangladesh.
Methods
Proximate composition analysis of the collected mushrooms was performed to determine moisture content, pH, lipid, crude fibre, total ash, protein, carbohydrate content, and calorific value. Antioxidant potential of collected mushrooms were evaluated by mean of eight different methods including total flavonoid content, phenolic content, tannin content, total antioxidant activity, hydroxyl radical scavenging activity, DPPH assay and reducing power capacity.
Results
The results demonstrated that investigated mushrooms were found rich in proteins (20–45 g/100 g), carbohydrate (11–61 g/100 g in dry sample) and fibre (5–40 g/100 g). The ash content was found 6–10 g/100 g and glucose content 54–160 mg/100 g. However, all the mushrooms showed a lower content of lipid (1–4%). Results also revealed that the total antioxidant capacity of the extracts were found in the concentration range of 0.08–0.21 mg/mL, whereas the hydroxyl radical and DPPH radical scavenging activity were 0.88–1.40 and 0.05–0.63 mg/mL.
Conclusion
The findings of the current investigation proved that the studied Bangladeshi mushrooms are good source of nutritional and antioxidant components. Therefore, this study can help spreading awareness among Bangladeshi people regarding consumption of mushrooms as functional foods.
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