An association was observed between clinical pathway use and lower odds of four common complications of hospitalization after hip fracture; only a small, statistically insignificant association was observed between pathway use and changes in short-term mortality, suggesting that assessments of hospital quality based on short-term mortality may not reflect important improvements in patient outcomes that hospitals may achieve using clinical pathways.

This Campbell systematic review's objective is to summarize the most dependable evidence on the effect of parental involvement intervention programs for improving the academic performance of elementary school age children. The most dependable evidence is defined as studies that include at least two groups and use random assignment to form a fair comparison between groups.19 Randomised Controlled Trials met the inclusion criteria for the systematic review. The overall findings were that parent involvement has a positive and significant effect on children's overall academic performance. It is also clear that the effect is large enough to have practical implications for parents, practitioners, and policymakers (d= 0.45).The overall effect suggested that when parents participated in academic enrichment activities with their children outside of school, the benefits were manifest in improved academic performance in school. This result was striking when one considers that the median length of parent involvement was only 11 weeks. This review has uncovered compelling support for the use of a parent involvement program as a viable supplementary intervention to improve children's academic performance in school, and for the parent involvement component of the No Child Left Behind mandate.

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