Citric acid is a widely used surface-modifying ligand for growth and processing of a variety of nanoparticles; however, the inability to easily prepare derivatives of this molecule has restricted the development of versatile chemistries for nanoparticle surface functionalization. Here, we report the design and synthesis of a citric acid derivative bearing an alkyne group and demonstrate that this molecule provides the ability to achieve stable, multidentate carboxylate binding to metal oxide nanoparticles, while also enabling subsequent multistep chemistry via the Cu(I)-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) reaction. The broad utility of this strategy for the modular functionalization of metal oxide surfaces was demonstrated by its application in the CuAAC modification of ZnO, Fe(2)O(3), TiO(2), and WO(3) nanoparticles.

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The Cu-exchanged zeolite SSZ-13 is a highly active material in the selective catalytic reduction of nitrogen oxides and the conversion of methane to methanol. In this material, a distribution of active sites is present and its characterization is a long standing challenge. In this contribution, we combine molecular dynamics simulations and high-level first principles calculations to obtain accurate phase diagrams, photoabsorption, and photoluminescence spectra of CuI sites in SSZ-13 and compare them to specifically designed experimental measurements. We start our analysis by using molecular dynamics and random phase approximation calculations to calculate phase diagrams for Cu anchored in extra-framework and silanol defect sites. Subsequently, we combine molecular dynamics and a time-dependent hybrid Hartree–Fock like linear response scheme to calculate photoabsorption and photoluminescence spectra. We determine that at low temperatures CuI is coordinated to multiple H2O molecules. At elevated temperatures and low pressures, all H2O molecules desorb and CuI migrates to defect sites, as long as defects are present in the material. Theoretically predicted and experimentally measured optical spectra are in excellent agreement. Additionally, we discuss the impact of defects on the observed luminescence spectra. We expect that the methods developed here will be used to better understand the distribution of Cu sites in the zeolite SSZ-13 under various conditions. Further, this work sheds light on a potential role of defects in the coordination of CuI in deNO x -SCR in aged catalysts and helps with understanding luminescence spectra of transition-metal sites in zeolites.