Vaccination efforts against COVID-19 must include the pediatric population, not only to protect children and their families from the virus, but also to support a safe return to in-person schooling. Given the novel methodologies and targets used in the COVID-19 vaccines and the potential for multisystem inflammatory syndrome-children, it is insufficient to extrapolate safety and efficacy data between different vaccine candidates or from adult studies. Adequate enrollment in pediatric studies for COVID-19 vaccines is crucial. The Pediatric Pharmacy Association supports continued research, surveillance, and transparency for COVID-19 vaccines in the pediatric population, including those younger than 12 years of age.
The opioid epidemic is a public health crisis that continues to impact healthcare in the United States of America (USA). While changes in opioid prescribing have curbed the medical use of opioids, the increase in nonmedical use, largely driven by injection drug use (IDU), has contributed to the escalating incidence of opioid use disorder (OUD). Furthermore, IDU is associated with high-risk injection practices that can increase the risk of acquiring viral and bacterial infections. Here in this comprehensive review, we aimed to summarize the epidemiology and management of OUD, along with the screening and antimicrobial treatment of associated infections, specifically focused on human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis C virus, skin and soft tissue infections, endocarditis, and osteomyelitis. Medication-assisted therapy (MAT) and infection guidelines from the USA will be presented.
Background Early reports have indicated widespread empiric antimicrobial usage in patients infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). As data regarding bacterial complications in patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) are limited and emerging, it is important to delineate the burden of complications with bacterial pneumonia in patients with COVID-19 and its implication on antimicrobial usage. Methods We conducted a retrospective cohort study of all hospitalized patients diagnosed with COVID-19 based on detection of SARS-CoV-2 on RT-PCR from March 1, 2020 to May 10, 2020. Data were collected retrospectively to determine the presence of bacterial pneumonia among patients hospitalized with COVID-19 and to identify demographics, comorbidities, or laboratory values that may help to distinguish patients with bacterial pneumonia. Fisher’s exact test was used to analyze categorical data and Student’s t test was used to analyze differences between means. Results Among 99 patients hospitalized with COVID-19 during the study period, complication with bacterial pneumonia was seen in 17 (17%) based on sputum, tracheal aspirate or lower respiratory tract cultures performed 8.9 ± 7.8 (mean ± SD) days from the detection of SARS-CoV-2 on RT-PCR. Staphylococcus aureus was the causative organism in 8 (47%) cases while Enterobacteriaceae were isolated in 7 (41%) cases, Burkholderia cepacia in one (6%) and Rahnella aqualitis in one (6%) case. There were no significant differences in demographics, comorbidities, or laboratory findings between patients with or without complication with bacterial pneumonia. However, those with complication with bacterial pneumonia were more likely to be intubated (24% vs. 88%, p< 0.01), on vasopressors (23% vs. 82%, p < 0.01), and require intensive care unit admission (37% vs. 94%, p< 0.01). Conclusion Nosocomial and ventilator-associated pneumonia were commonly seen among hospitalized patients with COVID-19 requiring intubation and intensive care use admission. With complications of bacterial pneumonia common among critically-ill patients infected with SARS-CoV-2, widespread antimicrobial usage may increase the selective pressure for antibiotic resistance in this patient population. Disclosures All Authors: No reported disclosures
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