Working with reagents that are used for modern finger print detection.
SPE Member Abstract Potential environmental impacts of natural gas production have become the focus of increased regulatory activity. Cost effective environmental control strategies are needed for achieving environmental protection of operating and abandoned natural gas well sites and processing facilities. The Gas Research Institute (GRI) has an ongoing comprehensive research program to assist industry in developing cost effective technologies and strategies for attaining the required level of environmental protection associated with natural gas production activities. Bioremediation is hypothesized to be a key remediation strategy. This paper presents background information on bioremediation; information on biotechnologies that have been proven in other industries and that may be applicable to the natural gas industry; a protocol for assessing the feasibility of bioremediation; and, some preliminary results on some soils that were evaluated using the protocol. Background information related to natural gas production and processing sites and chemicals that are typically used are presented because both are important preliminary feasibility screening criteria. Applications of bioremediation to sites with similar chemicals such as refineries, wood treating plants, and former manufactured gas plants (MGP's) have been used for approximately 30 years, however bioremediation is not widely used to treat wellhead sites or natural gas production and processing sites. Examples of applications of bioremediation to non-natural gas industry sites are presented and the similarities, primarily chemical, are presented. The GRI developed an Accelerated Biotreatability Protocol for former MGP sites and it is currently being modified for application to the Exploration and Production (E&P) Industry. The Accelerated Treatability Protocol is a decision-making framework to evaluate the potential full-scale biological treatment options. Preliminary results from some soils collected and evaluated using the protocol are presented. Introduction A systematic approach is being developed for determining if E&P pit soils can be biotreated and to identify parameters necessary for pilot- or full-scale applications. Current technologies for managing E&P soils would be ex situ and probably involve landfilling or thermal desorption. Both technologies have proven expensive and require significant space for implementation. The two main goals of this segment of the research program are to develop a testing protocol to determine the feasibility of biologically treating E&P residuals and contaminated soils and to demonstrate the effectiveness of candidate technologies in the field at E&P sites requiring remediation. This paper specifically focuses on laboratory-scale treatability testing used to evaluate the bioremediation potential of E&P soils. P. 345^
It is estimated that there are over 260,000 natural gas production wells in the continental United States. At many of these locations, production or reserve pits exist which may require remediation depending on several conditions such as: the manner in which they were initially closed; whether or not they were lined; and the local climate, soil type, and depth to ground water. As part of the Gas Research Institute (GRI) research program on exploration and production (E&P) site remediation, a treatability protocol is being developed to facilitate the rapid assessment of the amenability of the contaminated soils to remediation by biological processes. This paper describes the treatability protocol and the results of a series of treatability tests on a spectrum of hydrocarbon contaminated E&P soils collected from various operating locations throughout the United States. The soils are subjected to physical and chemical characterization prior to treatability testing. Potential biotoxic characteristics of the soils are determined by a respirometry screening technique. Presuming that the soils are not toxic to aerobic soil microorganisms, 20 percent by weight aqueous slurries of the soils are prepared and subjected to continuous batch aeration for a six week period. Conditions favorable to microbial growth are maintained in the reactors by monitoring and augmentation as needed of pH, microbial nutrients and oxygen for microbial respiration. The extent of microbial degradation of the contaminant hydrocarbons is monitored by periodic measurement of total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH), oil and grease, and individual hydrocarbon compounds as determined by gas chromatography. Microbial plate counts are prepared to document the biological viability of the treatment process. This paper includes the treatability results obtained from subjecting a number of E&P pit soils to the treatability protocol. The factors influencing the amenability of these soils to bioremediation as determined from the test results are discussed. Introduction A systematic approach is being developed for determining if E&P pit soils can be biotreated and to identify parameters necessary for pilot-or full-scale applications. Current technologies for managing E&P soils would be ex situ and probably involve landfilling or thermal desorption. Both technologies have proven expensive and require significant space for implementation. The two main goals of this segment of the research program are to develop a testing protocol to determine the feasibility of biologically treating E&P residuals and contaminated soils and to demonstrate the effectiveness of candidate technologies in the field at E&P sites requiring remediation. This discussion specifically focuses on laboratory-scale treatability testing used to evaluate the bioremediation potential of E&P soils. The GRI Accelerated Biotreatability Protocol is being used to evaluate a number of production pit soils. This protocol was previously developed for the bioremediation of soils from manufactured gas plant (MGP) sites. P. 767
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