An alfalfa hay-grain diet induced significantly higher pH and VFA concentrations in gastric juice than did bromegrass hay. However, number and severity of nonglandular squamous gastric lesions were significantly lower in horses fed alfalfa hay-grain. An alfalfa hay-grain diet may buffer stomach acid in horses.
Summary In a multicentre trial, 13 cannulated horses were treated orally once daily with a paste that delivered omeprazole at a dose of 4 and 5 mg/kg bwt in a 2‐period crossover design to evaluate steady state gastric acid suppression. In each period, basal (unstimulated) and pentagastrin‐stimulated gastric output were evaluated at 5–8 h after 5 doses, at 13–16 h after 10 doses, and at 21–24 h after 15 doses. Baseline data for gastric acid secretion were collected once for each horse in the month prior to initiation of omeprazole treatment. The inhibition of gastric acid secretion relative to baseline values, following treatment with omeprazole, were calculated and expressed as per cent. Pharmacokinetic data were also collected in this trial. At 4 mg/kg bwt, the oral paste formulation of omeprazole inhibited both basal and pentagastrin‐stimulated gastric acid secretion by 99% at 5–8 h after treatment and by 83% (basal) and 90% (pentagastrin‐stimulated) at 21–24 h. Inhibition following the administration of omeprazole at a dose of 5 mg/kg bwt was not significantly greater than when given at 4 mg/kg bwt. The results from this study could possibly lead to the development of an effective and practical antisecretory treatment of ulcer disease in horses.
The FEE is a clinically viable technique.
Itraconazole, a third-generation azole, was evaluated for treatment of resistant nasal mycotic infections in horses. Two horses with Aspergillus spp nasal granulomas and 1 horse with Conidiobolus coronatus nasal infection were treated with itraconazole (3 mg/kg PO bid). One of the horses with nasal aspergillosis was also treated by surgical resection of the nasal septum. The treatment time for the horses ranged from 3 to 4.5 months. No adverse effects were noted in any of the horses during the treatment period. Peak and trough serum itraconazole concentrations were <0.5 fig/mL Itraconazole given orally is an effective treatment for several mycotic infections6 In murine models of aspergillosis, 60% to 70% of animals treated with itraconazole survived to 42 days.6 Aspergillus fumigatus could not be cultured from 7 of the 14 survivors on day 42. In guinea pigs with generalized cryptococcosis, 53 of 55 survived, and 29 were culture-negative. In the same study, guinea pigs infected with histoplasmosis and treated with 40 mg/kg of itraconazole had negative fungal cultures.6 In a horse, itraconazole was used to successfully treat cervical vertebral osteomyelitis caused by Coccidioides immitis.' Itraconazole has also been proven to be an effective therapy in mycotic infections in humans.'-'' Horse 1A 3-year-old thoroughbred filly was admitted for evaluation of noisy respiration and dyspnea during training. The referring veterinarian was unable to pass a 13-mm diameter endoscope through the nares into the laryngeal area. At the time of the initial examination, the filly was normal, with the exception of her upper respiratory disorder. A pediatric 8-mm endoscope was passed into the nares and laryngeal area. There was severe circumferential narrowing of both nasal passages and thickening ofthe nasal septum. The nasal conchae and turbinates were roughened and edematous, and the ventral meatii were decreased in size bilaterally. A thickened nasal septum with slight fluid accumulation in the ventral compartment of the caudal nasal cavity were detected on radiography.A complete blood cell count (CBC) and serum biochemical profile results were within the normal range for our laboratory. Under general anesthesia, the nasal septum was resected and removed to improve airflow by a technique described by McIlwraith." All visible fungal lesions were removed at surgery. However, diffuse multifocal abscesses containing fungal hyphae and fibrosis indicating incomplete removal were observed histopathologically. Grocott's methenamine-silver (GMS)-stained sections had fungal elements compatible with Aspergiilus (ie, septate, dichotomously branched hyphae), and AspergiIlus spp were isolated from the biopsy specimens. Minimum inhibitory and minimum lethal concentrations (MIC/MLC) of ketoconazole and itraconazole were determined (Table 1). Antifungal susceptibility testing was accomplished using a macrobroth dilution method previously described.'* The normal MIC for itraconazole is 0.00 1 -10 pg/mL, and normal MLC is 1 to 2 dilutions greater...
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