Bcl-2 is the prototype of a family of genes that prevent apoptosis. However, several reports indicate that Bcl-2 may also act as a cell cycle modulator. In several human tumors, Bcl-2 expression correlates with a more favorable prognosis and lower tumor proliferative activity. We have shown that Bcl-2 expression delays liver tumor development in transgenic mice even when the gene is turned on shortly before the time of tumor development. We hypothesized that Bcl-2 may delay liver tumorigenesis by interfering with hepatocyte proliferation. To test whether Bcl-2 expression may act on hepatocyte replication we studied liver regeneration in Bcl-2 transgenic mice and wild-type littermates. DNA replication was delayed by approximately 8 h in Bcl-2 transgenic mice compared to the timing of the response in wild-type littermates. Cyclin D expression showed no alterations in the regenerating liver of Bcl-2 transgenic mice. In contrast, there was a delay in the expression of p107, cyclin E and in the activity of cyclin E/cdk 2 activity. These results show that Bcl-2 expression delays cell cycle progression in hepatocytes and suggests that it acts at a step involving cyclin E and p107.
perfluorocarbon is lower than that of water, rendering the hydrosomes trappable by a conventional optical tweezer. Using the injector and optical manipulation we demonstrate fusion of two hydrosomes, one containing a calcium-sensitive dye and the other containing calcium chloride, and we measure the mixing times to be on the order of 10 millisecond or less. The monodispersity, repeatability, small size, and fast mixing afforded by this system offer unprecedented opportunities for nanochemistry and single molecule or single nanoparticle studies.
PurposePost-pandemic education will be impacted by spatial and technological shockwaves, alongside other areas of society. Significant expansion of online learning will build on skills developed by educators and students in this tumultuous time, and in response to emerging challenges and structural transformations. This paper explores an oft-overlooked skill that underpins contemporary teaching, and posits that “coordination” will find its way to the centre of this new online world. The paper presents research investigating the translation of tactics for good subject coordination to an online context.Design/methodology/approachThe authors reviewed academic literature that explored coordination in higher education settings, and recent grey literature identifying expected changes to post-pandemic university learning. The authors developed a survey instrument to investigate the translation of previously identified characteristics of good coordination, and tactics to achieve them, into the pandemic-driven online learning environment. Survey analysis explored the level of difficulty reported by subject coordinators for this translation online, as well as their suggestions of additional tactics or concerns.FindingsWhile the low number of respondents limits these conclusions, initial analysis suggests that the identified Tactics for Coordination can be applied with relative ease to online learning environments. At the same time, the expected burgeoning of online education identified an expected increase in demand for these skills.Originality/valueThe authors identified a lack of literature addressing subject coordination as a key skill, or evaluating coordination tactics, as well as a lack of resources for focused skill development. This paper addresses this gap, and prompts further and urgent response.
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