Endogenous opiate peptides acting pre-and post-synaptically in the dorsal horn of spinal cord inhibit transmission of nociceptive stimuli. We transfected neurons of the dorsal root ganglion in vivo by footpad inoculation with 30 l (3 × 10 7 p.f.u.) of a replication-incompetent (ICP4-deleted) herpes simplex virus (HSV) vector with a cassette containing a portion of the human proenkephalin gene coding for 5 metand 1 leu-enkephalin molecules under the control of the human cytomegalovirus immediate-early promoter (HCMV IEp) inserted in the HSV thymidine kinase (tk) locus. Vectordirected expression of enkephalin produced a significant

Objective Preclinical evidence indicates that gene transfer to the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) using replication defective herpes simplex virus (HSV)-based vectors can reduce pain-related behavior in animal models of pain. This clinical trial was carried out to assess the safety and explore the potential efficacy of this approach in humans. Methods We conducted a multicenter, dose-escalation, Phase I clinical trial of NP2, a replication defective HSV-based vector expressing human preproenkephalin (PENK) in subjects with intractable focal pain caused by cancer. NP2 was injected intradermally into the dermatome(s) corresponding to the radicular distribution of pain. The primary outcome was safety. As secondary measures, efficacy of pain relief was assessed using a numeric rating scale (NRS), the Short Form McGill Pain Questionnaire (SF-MPQ) and concurrent opiate usage. Results Ten subjects with moderate to severe intractable pain despite treatment with more than 200 mg/day of morphine (or equivalent) were enrolled into the study. Treatment was well tolerated with no study agent-related serious adverse events (SAE) observed at any point in the study. Subjects receiving the low dose of NP2 reported no substantive change in pain. Subjects in the middle and high dose cohorts reported pain relief as assessed by NRS and SF-MPQ. Interpretation Treatment of intractable pain with NP2 was well tolerated. There were no placebo controls in this relatively small study, but the dose-responsive analgesic effects suggest that NP2 may be effective in reducing pain and warrants further clinical investigation.

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We examined whether a herpes simplex virus vector that expresses human proenkephalin could be used to attenuate nociception in a model of bone cancer pain in mice. Osteolytic sarcoma cells were implanted into the medullary space of the right femur, followed by a subcutaneous inoculation of a replication-defective herpes simplex virus vector expressing human proenkephalin (vector SHPE) or a lacZ-expressing control vector (vector SHZ). SHPE-inoculated mice demonstrated a significant, naltrexone-reversible decrease in pain-related behavior assessed during open-field motor activity. These results suggest that gene transfer with an enkephalin-expressing vector may be used to treat pain resulting from cancer in bone.

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