A new indicator for calcium, 2-hvdroxy-l-(2-hydroxy-4sulfo-l-naphthylazo)-3-naphthoic acid, has been synthesized which permits an accurate titration of calcium in the presence of magnesium with (ethylenedinitrilo) tetraacetate.The indicator produces a sharp, stable color change from wine red to pure blue. Calcium and magnesium separations are not necessary. Titration procedures for the determination of calcium and magnesium in water, limestone, salt, and boiler scale are described. The usual ammonia-ammonium chloride buffer is replaced by an odorless monoethanolaminehydrochloric acid buffer containing complexed magnesium.Through the synthesis of a new indicator, the authors have made possible a direct titration of calcium in the presence of magnesium. The new indicator produces a sharp color change from wine red to pure blue when calcium is titrated with (ethylenedinitrilo) tetraacetate at pH values between 12 and 14.Accurate determinations of calcium with no interference from magnesium have been made on a variety of samples including water, limestone, salt, blood serum, milk, and urine. Calcium and magnesium separations were not necessary.
Weighing of a sintered silver electrode while immersed in electrolyte during cathodic and anodic reaction reveals breaks in the weight change-coulomb curves. The different slopes can be explained by the volume change during phase transformation, affecting the buoyancy of the electrode. These breaks coincide with the potential changes of the plate, measured against a reference electrode.The silver electrode in alkali electrolyte has gained considerable prominence in the construction of batteries offering high discharge rates and high energy densities per unit weight and volume. The outstanding properties of this electrode have long been recognized (1-4), but a complete understanding of its behavior is still lacking (5,.6). Moreover, since efficient electrodes are usually of the porous type, an exhaustive interpretation of their behavior requires an understanding of the many factors affecting this type of electrode. Among these are the expansion and contraction of the active mass.This volume change affecting the buoyancy is studied by weighing continuously the porous silver electrode in 1.0M potassium hydroxide as electrolyte during the complete cathodic and anodic cycle. Simultaneously, the corresponding number of coulombs involved is determined, and the potential of the electrode is recorded against a suitable reference electrode and correlated with the change in weight. A similar procedure was used by Schoop (7) at the turn of the century, but it has not been practiced frequently since (8, 9). TheoryIf a silver plate suspended in the electrolyte is oxidized a~aodically to silver oxide, the change in the weight of the immersed electrode is the algebraic sum of several related effects, principally (i) a weight increase due to the added mass of reacted oxygen, and (ii) an altered buoyancy lift due to the volume change of the electrode by the newly formed compound. There is still another factor affecting the buoyancy of the sample considered to be minor. The density of the electrolyte around the electrode is changing, due to the consumption of ions at the interface and the heat that is generated by the passage of the current.In the following discussion we assume that minor effects can be neglected, provided low current densities are used, so that concentration differences in the electrolyte are small since equalized by diffusion. Additionally, for these conditions, the density gradients are not large enough to produce convection of the electrolyte which may still further influence the weight of the sample. The reaction must be carried out at potentials where no gas evolution will occur since small bubbles formed in or adhering to the electrode will alter its true weight. We also assume that the reaction products are only sparingly soluble in the electrolyte.Under these conditions we can derive an equation for the weight change of the electrode in the electrolyte. Let a mass of silver mAg and density dAg be immersed in a liquid electrolyte of density ds. The weight of the silver in the solution mAg s will be mAgs_-~n...
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.